Coach Johnson Essay

1.Some Various forms of power include coercive, compliance gaining, expert, and reward power (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg. 229-230). The kind of power that Coach Johnson has on his team very to comply with coach Johnson’s goals like going to the championships. 2.The turning point was when Gilbert decided to go talk to Coach Johnson because from there and on Coach Johnson yelled at gilbert had a bad conversation. Yes I think it was the same turning point for Coach Johnson because he felt more frustrated because he does not like people telling how to run things. If one has a positive turning point and the other has a negative, the person with the positive turning point might be calmer and actually talk things out. 3.The turmoil stage, the conflict was increase and unclear relationship happened when Gilbert approach the Coach. The stagnation stage, communication declined and both took each other for granted because they were mad at each other, Gilbert because he wanted more playing time and Coach Johnson because he doesn’t like people telling him how to run things. The de-intensification stage, decreased interaction and distance both were to mad at each other that they didn’t want to talk. The individualization stage, when both are more individual than being more of a team. The separation stage, when they try to eliminate further communication between them, this is when Coach Johnson decides to put James over Gilbert. The final stage is post-interaction stage, this happened when gilbert wants to quit the team and go his separate way. (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg. 263-265) 4.Social exchange theory is an economic model of human behavior used to explain how people arrive at decisions, posits that people seek the greatest amount of reward with the least amount of cost (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg.267). Well the cost would be the relationship and the rewards would be the rewards you are gaining from the relationship. Coach Johnson decided to put James in instead of Gilbert because he was not gaining any rewards from Gilbert because Gilbert was not playing good. 5.Attitude can be communicated verbally when Gilbert talked back to his coach. Attitude can also be communicated verbally when Gilbert talked back to his coach. Attitude can also be communicated non-verbally, this happened when his teammates seen Gilbert always mad through his face expression. Attitude affects long term relationships because when people have an attitude they tend to say things they don’t  mean. Gilbert might want to recognize his mistakes in the games and work harder and talk to Coach Johnson when he is calmer and relaxed, Gilbert should also apologizing to his team for not being his best on team.

Huck Finn Comparison Essay Essay

The great American novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain is about a white southern raised child named Huck Finn and a runaway slave, Jim, running away together. This novel is similar in ways to that of the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which is about â€Å"the fabulously wealthy Jay Gatsby and his love Daisy Buchanan. †(Book Cover) The character Huckleberry Finn is similar to characters of â€Å"The Great Gatsby. † Huck Finn is similar to Jay Gatsby because of their lies about their families, their reasons for lying, and their frames of reference of what not to do. Huck Finn is also similar to Myrtle Wilson. This is due to the fact that both try to create and live their â€Å"adventurous fantasy† lives and also because while trying to make their fantasy a reality they quickly forget about important people and belongings. The character Huck Finn is similar to Jay Gatsby in two ways. The first way in which these characters are alike is between the lies they tell about their family. Huck Finn’s lies are about having a family and how â€Å"pap and me and all the family was living on a little farm down at the bottom of Arkansaw,† (Twain 75). While Gatsby’s lies are about how he has no family and how is the son of â€Å"some wealthy people in the Middle West — all dead now. †(Fitzgerald 65). The major similarity of this is that they create these fantasy families because they are ashamed of their real family in a way which leads them to create their view of a good family. Besides Huck Finn’s and Gatsby’s similarity in lies and their reasoning behind lying, these characters are also similar because they use the same type of person as a frame of reference of what not to do or become. Jay Gatsby uses his deceased friend, Dan Cody, as his frame of reference. Dan Cody, when drunk, would commit acts of â€Å"savage violence of the frontier brothel and saloon. †(Fitzgerald 100) and would have Gatsby jail him on the yacht because he knew what would happen once he became drunk enough. Gatsby barely drank anything because he saw firsthand what alcohol could turn you Prev Page into if you had enough of it in your system. Huck Finn uses his pap as his frame of reference of what not to do or become. Pap, while drunk, is exceptionally violent. Pap would chase Huck around the hut â€Å"with a clasp-knife, calling me the Angel of Death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Twain 22) and he would get â€Å"too handy with his hickory† (Twain 18) which left Huck â€Å"all over welts† (Twain 18). These frames of references of what not to become have helped the characters develop a more stable moral code. Other than Jay Gatsby, Huck Finn is also comparable to Myrtle Wilson in two ways. One characteristic these two characters have in common is that they dislike their real lives that they try to create and live these fantasy lives. Huck Finn never returns to reality and live his real life unless him and Jim are by themselves on the river. While he is on shore Huck always creates all these aliases with different backgrounds every time he meets new people or a new family. When Myrtle Wilson is with Tom Buchanan and her â€Å"friends† in the apartment-homes in the West Hundreds she creates the fabulous fantasy life where she is just so care free and rich. While she lives this fantasy life she lets Tom make fun of her husband by imagining a picture entitled â€Å"George B. Wilson at the Gas Pump. †(Fitzgerald 33). She pretends that she has money when Mrs. McKee compliments her on the dress she is wearing and Myrtle is just shrugging off because this is something she wears when she â€Å"don’t care what I look like† (Fitzgerald 31). In addition to their likeness in trying to live a fantasy life, Huck Finn and Myrtle share their ability to promptly forget about important people and belongings. This is evident with Myrtle when she buys the dog on her way to the apartment with Tom and Nick. As quickly as she buys the dog she forgets about it before the end of the party which is sitting on a table â€Å"looking with blind eyes through the smoke, and from time to time groaning faintly. †( Fitzgerald 37 ) and not once has she gone to check to see if it is out of water, food, or even tries to take it out of that type of environment. For Huck the person he forgets about is his loyal and caring friend Jim. Whenever Huck is living one of his adventurous fantasy lives he never takes a pause to think about what Jim is doing, feeling, what type of danger he might be in, or what he could be going through right now while he’s having Prev Page the time of his life or getting himself in deep trouble on the shore. Conclusively the great American novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald has characters that share characteristics with that of Huck Finn from the novel, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. Huckleberry Finn is like Jay Gatsby because they both lie about their family because they’re ashamed of their real on and want what they feel would be a better family for them. They’re also alike in the way that they use the same type of person as a frame of reference of what not to do, which helps them build a more durable moral code. Myrtle Wilson is also comparable to Huck Finn on account of that they try to create and live fantasy lives, and then they get so caught up in their fake lives that they forget about the important people and belongings in their lives.

Dettol Soap

Dettol Soap Introduction Dettol Antiseptic Liquid Disinfectant is the name of commercial liquid and solid antiseptic products belonging to a household product line manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser. The traditional liquid product is a light yellow colour, but becomes milky white when diluted in water. This diluted mixture can be used to clean cuts etc. The active ingredient which defines its unique antiseptic property is an aromatic chemical compound known as chloroxylenol (C8H9ClO). This makes up 4. % of Dettol's total mixture,[1] with the rest composed of pine oil, isopropanol, castor oil soap, caramel, and water. Because several of the ingredients are insoluble in water, Dettol produces a white emulsion of oil droplets when diluted during use. Diluted Dettol can also be used to treat acne[2] in small quantities, but it must not come into contact with eyes, mouth, or nasal passage[citation needed]. Its topical application is a remedy for boils (skin abscess). [citation needed] Like other household cleaners, Dettol is poisonous and should not be ingested.In an extreme case, a forty-two-year-old British man died from Dettol overexposure in May 2007. [3] The company ran a controversial advertising campaign where it claimed that your toilet seat was cleaner than kitchen work surfaces. It was forced to withdraw the campaign. In Australia, the use of Dettol in a spray bottle is used to combat Cane Toads, as spraying the disinfectant kills the toads quickly. Dettol has been a highly reputable producer of hygiene products in the UK for numerous years. They are a company that takes great pride in the accomplishments and achievements that they have made.With numerous products working for both them and the customers that use them they have made great strides in keeping hygiene in the home and office around the country. Dettol handwash is a very common product that can be found filling many of the soap dispensers in restaurants, schools and even hospitals in this country . The Dettol antiseptic liquid can also be found in many of these areas. Both work well in keeping the harmful bacteria that infects people at bay, and thus reduces the amount of germs that are spread to others.People that access these products should be sure to follow the directions on how to use them properly if they are to get the full benefits of these products. If this is done then you can rest easy knowing that the harmful germs and bacteria are being cleansed from the areas that had come into contact with. STRATEGIES AND OBJECTIVES Reckitt Benckiser's objective is to generate above industry average profitable growth by: †¢ Focusing on building the power brands in high growth categories †¢ Geographic expansion of the portfolio †¢ Continuous innovation Higher investment in brand building †¢ Margin expansion and cash conversion to fund reinvestment in core brands and to grow returns to shareholders. †¢ Selective add-on acquisitions DETTOL PRODUCTS Dettol soaps Dettol liquid Dettol hand wash Dettol Prickly powder Dettol multi purpose cleaner Which includes dishwasher, floor mopping liquid, washroom cleaner, kitchen cleaner I have chosen Dettol Soap MARKETING STRATEGY SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Soap is a major consumer item and there is a huge demand and potential in this market particularly the anti – bacterial segment.The anti bacterial market segment has grown year on year by more than 7 % percent due to increased consumer awareness and education on the benefits of anti-bacterial soaps. As a result, the pie is growing bigger every year. Some uncontrollable situational factors that are faced by the Reckitt Benckiser Pakistan and Dettol soap are as follows, †¢Demand: Although the demand for Reckitt Benckiser products is very high but when we talk about the demand of the Dettol soap the demand is growing in the antibacterial category.The market share of Dettolsoap is more than 10 % in Pakistan out of the Rs 11 billion soap mark et. †¢Competition: There was no direct competitor of Dettol soap at the time of launching but today; two brands are directly competing Dettol. Safeguard (P & G) and lifebuoy (Unilever) are direct competitors †¢Legal/political: these are the uncertainties that are extremely variable in the political conditions of Pakistan. Constant political instability does affect the company in terms of building new relations with new governments all the time. Social and Cultural factors: the company has to be very careful in the implementation of its promotional campaigns, since the social cultural environment of Pakistan is very conservative and any suggestive advertisements usually face a lot of negative reactions on the part of the consumer. †¢Other factors: like the government regulations and technological advancements have had no significant effect on the product and the company. MARKETING ANALYSISIn the mind of the consumer, anti-bacterial soap should have the following: A pro duct whose core function is to clean skin, making it softer and smoother, while leaving a feeling of freshness behind. Good perfume and foam combine to deliver this freshness experience. The key functional benefit is that it removes dirt, oiliness and other impurities from skin. Germs are not top-of-mind for the average consumer, but are a function of Dirt and disease. Research led us to know that consumers are largely unaware of the diverse nature of ‘jaraseem’.They just know that Germs (jaraseem) are the bad guys. They don’t know that there are different types of germs. Different antibacterial competitors are trying to own a higher ground by building on already present germ-kill equity. Like Dettol has given it’s slogan of â€Å"Dettol protects against a wide range of unseen germs, including bacteria and viruses† While safeguard is focusing on ‘Din Raat Lagataar Tahaffuz’ which is more powerful in the mind of the consumer. Lifebuoy is following the â€Å"germ buster’s† strategy. TARGET MARKETThe target market for Dettol soap is all households (primarily mothers) who can afford buying soap and who want to fulfill an everyday need (primarily bathing) that provides them and their family with a 100% anti-bacterial solution – complete protection from all germs/ bacteria and cleanliness from dirt / grime. MARKET DEMOGRAPHICS (GEOGRAPHIC, DEMOGRAPHICS, BEHAVIORAL FACTORS) The target markets analysis of Dettol soap is:- Geographic location Include almost all Urban; suburban; small town; and some rural areas of Pakistan Demographics Gender Male; female mainly mothersAge 18years to 45 years Socioeconomic status Mainly targeting middle class and upper middle class in urban and sub-urban areas – primarily cities and surrounding areas. Rural market penetration is limited and is primarily driven through indirect channels (e. g. Wholesale) Psychographics Young housewives and mothers who care about t he health and well being of their family. MARKET NEEDS (QUALITY CRAFTSMANSHIP, INNOVATIVE DESIGNS, CUSTOMER SERVICE) RB is conscious of the changing consumer needs and trends and is constantly conducting market research to assess opportunities and threats.Quality of the product is the number 1 priority as well as research on new variants. The next planned variant is Dettol Herbal soap. In addition, a new customer hotline has also been added to get instant feedback on product use, problems and activities. MARKET TRENDS The soap market has been most affected by the recent sky rocketing price of palm oil which is the primary ingredient of soap noodles. This has caused the average price of soap noodles to increase by 20% – 25 % forcing producers (also RB) to increase prices of their soap products by almost as much so as not to put excessive pressure on their margins.This will undoubtedly result in decrease in soap sales volumes (higher prices means less consumer off take) as well as disruption in the market due to several quoted prices of the same product available resulting in dissonance in the wholesale and retail markets as well as confusion in consumer buying decisions at the point of sale. MARKET GROWTH The overall soap market is growing by 10 % while the antibacterial segment is growing by 7%. Hence, there is a lot of potential in the market for growth and additional brand penetration and brand building.SWOT ANALYSIS THE STRENGTHS †¢ The brand’s Germ-kill heritage (brown liquid) is seen as strong and adds on trustworthiness (RTB) †¢ Excellent for treating skin irritations, cuts/bruises and seasonal applications †¢ Brand comes from a reputable (old) company †¢ Loyal following of ‘Original’ THE WEAKNESSES ?Not perceived as an ‘everyday soap’ due to: ?Smell – strongly associated with hospitals ?Is harsh on skin – makes skin dry ?Does not make satisfying lather ?Shape not user-friendly ?No awareness of variants No perceived as a dynamic, innovative and contemporary brand ? Low Top-of-Mind recall: Communication not engaging THE OPPORTUNITY ?Leverage the powerful brand equity associated with the Dettol Brand to make Dettol Soap an everyday use proposition. ? THE THREATS Other main players in the antibacterial soap category (Safeguard and Lifebuoy) have positioned their brands for everyday use against bacteria – Dettol soap positioning lacks that desired everyday benefit and experience! COMPETITION ANALYSISHere is a brief description about the antiseptic soap producing companies Dettol soap is a brand of Reckitt Benckiser Pak Ltd and it has been operating in Pakistan since 1999 after taking over from Reckitt & Colman. Market share of Dettol soap in the soap market is around 10% at the end of December 2007. The Dettol soap users have the perception that it is effective in germ kill with the medicinal smell of Dettolliquid which is used for Bruises & Cuts, Insect b ites, washing of clothes, Mopping of floors, Shaving, Bathing and Cleansing of skin and used mostly during summers.Its functional core need is incidental antibacterial. Safeguard ® is the No. 1 antibacterial soap worldwide; it is the only bar soap registered with the FDA. Safeguard is designed to provide excellent germ protection for the whole family. Safeguard, launched in 1995 by Procter & Gamble has set new standards for defining â€Å"health & hygiene† in Pakistan. It is an anti-bacterialsoap that provides germ protection for twice as long as ordinary soaps making it the doctors' number 1 recommended choice throughout the world.The market share of safeguard is the biggest in antiseptic soapcategory with 22 % share. Safeguard users have the perception that it is providing them with Continuous Germ Protection, Gentle on skin, Smells Good, has a easy to grasp shape and the functional needs portrayed is of an everyday soap with germ protection. Lifebuoy is one of Unilever's oldest brands. Lifebuoy Royal Disinfectant Soap was launched in 1894 as an affordable new product in the UK, to support people in their mission for better personal hygiene.Lifebuoysoap aims to provide affordable and accessible hygiene solutions that enable people to lead a life free from hygiene related worries, everywhere, regardless of the boundaries of nationality, religion and socio-economic status. Lifebuoy has a market share of 16 %. Lifebuoy users see the soap as a decent quality, affordable germ protection agent containing carbolic acid as its germ protection agent and its functional need portrays that it is an everyday soap with germ protection for the middle and lower middle class. OPPORTUNITY ANALYSISBased on the competitive analysis, Reckitt Benckiser found out that there are a lot of opportunities which will help the New Dettol soap capitalize a greater market share. New Dettol Soap’s ability to gain real consumer insights, to launch products and variants that c onsumers actually want, supported by insightful advertising that talks to consumers in their own language, are all vital elements, which will lead to success of Dettol and the New Dettol soap as a brand. †¢ Extensive Market Growth †¢ Market Penetration and Market Expansion. Achieving High Gross Margins †¢ High Customer Services and Satisfaction †¢ New Product Development and Entrepreneurship. PRODUCT OFFERING The product is offered in 5 variants (2 skus – 115 Gms and 70 Gms): †¢ Original: Contains essence of the Dettol antiseptic solution †¢ Skincare: Contains moisturizer for Skin care. †¢ Active: Contains Active cleaning agent for Active cleaning. †¢ Fresh: Contains Fresh scent for a Fresh feeling. †¢ Sensitive: Contains Skin-friendly ingredients for Sensitive skin. POSITIONING STRATEGY Positioning Against CompetitorDettol is positioned as a premium brand which the mother chooses for 100% protection against all germs and bacteria for her family. The mother of the family is the focal point for Dettol Soap positioning compared to Safeguard and Lifebuoy which focuses on children. Positioning In Relation To Product Attribute: The primary positioning vis a vis product attribute is that Dettol Soap has the essence of Dettol Solution, the no. 1 antiseptic brand in the world trusted by families everywhere for over a century – which its competitors do not posses. Hence, it is considered a premium brand in the anti-bacterial segment.Positioning by price and quality As Dettol is a premium brand, it is priced at a premium to its competitors (Safeguard and Lifebuoy). Being premium means there will be no compromise in quality as the link between price and quality exists and customer is always willing to pay more for perceived quality which in the case of Dettol soap, he/she does! MARKETING MIX STRATEGY PRICING STRATEGY Price v/s non price competition Dettol soap is priced at retail price of Rs. 38. 00 (115 gms) and Rs. 26. 00 (70 gms) which is at a premium of Rs 3 and Rs. 2 to its competition (Safeguard and Lifebuoy).Discounts and allowances RB give a special trade offer on Dettol Soap of 2% during the summer season so as to push to product into retail and an additional discount of 4 % to wholesalers to maximize loading in the channel and improved distribution when demand (consumer pull) is maximum. In addition, for the months of June to August – RB runs a special consumer promotion pack of three DettolSoaps (in one package) with a Rs. 19 price off on a purchase of three soap bars. Geographic pricing strategy In pricing the seller must consider the cost of shipping.There are different geographic strategies. But RB utilizes the uniform delivering pricing (the same delivering price quoted to all buyers regardless of their location) for Dettol Soap. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION FOR CONSUMER PRODUCT There are 2 primary channels of distribution for Dettol soap: Distributors and sub distributors: The company sells the products to its appointed distributors and sub distributors (+300 all over Pakistan) that are responsible for the distribution of pre-defined geographical areas who distribute it further to wholesalers and/or retailers.The retail distribution is further classified into TOP STORES (TSP’s) which include all the high profile outlets like al-fatah, HKB, Akbari stores etc and whole sale comprises of categories of diamond, gold and silver divided on the based on their average purchase per month and from here the product reaches the point of sale for the customer. Direct Delivery (Key Accounts) The company provides direct delivery to select large customers like institutional buyers of key accounts which sell directly to the consumer (in case of USC and CSD) or to small retailers / end-consumer (in case of MAKRO / METRO).INTENSITY OF DISTRIBUTION RB has an intensive distribution strategy of the product through its distributors that cover e very geographical area and who resell onwards to wholesalers and retailers. There is also direct delivery service to key accounts (USC, CSD, MAKRO &METRO). Every available channel is utilized for maximum distribution and coverage to all the hypermarkets, supermarkets, general stores, kiryana stores and medical stores. The company also has in place a RDF (rural development force) which is covering the rural areas and exploring new markets for potential market penetration.PRODUCT STRATEGY Consumer and biz product Dettol soap is a fast moving consumer product. Convenience good It is an essential good vis-a-vis it’s target market, which is all households (primarily mothers) who can afford buying soap and who want to fulfill an everyday need (primarily bathing) that provides them and their family with a 100% anti-bacterial solution – complete protection from all germs/ bacteria and cleanliness from dirt / grime. Product mix The five variants provide an ideal product mix in terms of consumer needs i. e.Original with Dettol Solution, Skincare with moisturizer, Active with active cleaning agent, fresh with fresh scent and Sensitive for sensitive skin. A new launch of Dettol Herbal Soap, which takes the tally of soaps to six variants. Unique Proposition that Dettol Herbal Soap has to offer is: â€Å"The fundamental idea is that ordinary beauty soaps only offer aspects of beauty but what healthy skin requires is both freedom from germs and the use of natural extracts; something only offered by Dettol Herbal Soapwhich provides not only Maximum Protection from germs but also contains Aloe Vera, Avocado oil and botanical extracts. Product line extension and uses The product is used primarily for showering / bathing but is also used for hand washing. A product line extension is Dettol Hand wash which is also available under the Dettol Brand. Product Life Cycle Since this is a Fast Moving Consumer Product, the average product life cycle of this product (if use d every day) is 30 days and 2 years if not in use (if stored in a cool and dry location). The brand is entering from growth to maturity. ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION STRATEGY COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF DETTOL SOAP Reposition Dettol soaps range as a preferred everyday use solution for the whole family† COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVES †¢ Announce new & improved Dettol soap. †¢ Protection against a wide range of unseen germs (including bacteria & viruses). †¢ Better experience (lather / perfume / feel-on-skin). †¢ Show all 5 variants of new Dettol soap. AGENCY SELECTION Almost 135 Advertising agencies exist in market but Reckitt Benckiser has selected Manhattan International Limited (MIL) Advertising Company because of their outstanding work in Pakistani market.BUDGET Dettol soap is a Rs 1 billion brand annually and so the marketing budget allocated to it approx 20 % of total Net revenue, not much resources have been allocated to Dettol soap marketing efforts due to its squeezed margins and close competition with other antibacterial soaps, it mainly derives its sales from the brand equity of Dettol liquid. MARKETING COMMUNICATION METHODOLOGIES This is a summary section. Give a brief overview of your advertising, consumer promotions, personal selling, sponsorship programs and database programs.Discuss the relative mix of each of these components and how you will integrate them together into seamless plan. This discussion should relate back to your Marketing Communication Objective and how these methodologies will help in accomplishing the objective. Different advertising rates of various media vehicles have been given in the appendix 1, 2, 3 and 4. ADVERTISING (TVC) Television is still the primary medium for advertising for Dettol soap, and print also forms a crucial part of the communications strategy. But increasingly campaigns are integrated across all these communication channels.All advertisements of Dettol soap are a blend of hard sell and sof t sell advertising, as all the Dettol soapadvertisements first show the ingredient it contains (Dettol Antiseptic solution) and then portray the emotional benefit for the user which revolves around the theme of a mother and children in which the mother is the one who makes her family use Dettol soap as she is one who decides what is best for her family in personal health, indicating that the target market of Dettol soap are the health conscious mother’s of young children. The main model used in almost all of the Dettol ad campaign is mahnoor baloch.When it comes to advertising, DETTOL prefers TV because of their philosophy that; â€Å"HEALTH AND HYGIENE ALWAYS COMES FIRST. † Thus TV is the best media, as you can show how Dettol soapkeeps you hygienically clean and protected and gives you daylong protection from body odour. Apart from this, in Pakistan, TV is a strong medium, it has highest reach. Thus a large part of advertising budget is focused on TV. Dettol soap spe nds around 60 % of the TV advertising budget on all channels with high rating points like PTV, PTV WORLD, GEO, ARY, INDUS VISION etc. Dettol soap advertises highly in summer season i. . mid of the year, as people prefer frequent washes in such seasons to keep hygienically clean and long lasting protection against body odour. MEDIA PLAN-TV Dettol has devised a well approached media plan which covers almost all of the major channels which are covered through high frequency spots on all (over 12 minutes per channel per day! ), with the Dettol soap ad showing in the headline news of geo and PTV. Cable branding has also been carried out two major cities, in Karachi – world call channel branding (72 spots/day) and in Lahore – cable spots (72 spots/day).CONSUMER PROMOTION Dettol soap also provides additional support by giving away various consumer promotions to provide the consumer with the extra value benefit. The consumer promotion introduced by Dettol soap was that on a pu rchase of three soaps the consumer will get a saving of Rs 19. The consumer promotion is as under. Another consumer promotion opportunity as a part of new product promotion and sampling effort has been carried out at METRO stores in Lahore and Islamabad where a free soap bar is being offered on a single purchase of the new product, Dettol MPC.INSTORE PLACEMENT STRATEGY Dettol soap has also planned an in-store placement strategy to promote and market their product so to have maximum visibility to the consumer; they have assigned dedicated shelves to the product and are also promoting their product in metro and makro aswell. Their placement strategy is mainly focused on O Place Dettol Soap next to Safeguard O Equal or more facing than Safeguard. O Place between Lux & Safeguard where Possible. O Build brand block wherever possible.

Speaker responce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Speaker responce - Assignment Example 2. Insights from the presentation After hearing Joe Ellis speak about the five things to do in a job, I have come to a conclusion that, in order to be successful, one must always keep things simple on the job. In accomplishing tasks and getting along with colleagues, for instance, there are no complicated rules to follow. The workplace ethics of obedience, punctuality, and respect still apply. Obeying what the boss says and speaking up when something needs to be said is always valued at work. Delivering high-quality work output and accomplishing them on time is always appreciated. Reaching out to co-workers and establishing friendly relationships with them makes for a fun and relaxed working environment. Achieving these goals, however, requires a considerable amount of effort. The next principle I learned from Joe Ellis is the value of being open. Openness results to transparency, seamless flow of ideas, and assertiveness. First, co-workers would be able to deal more effectively with a person who shows his/her strengths and weaknesses. Showing one’s true identity is a way of gaining the trust and respect of co-workers. Second, being open encourages a person to share his/her ideas that can be useful in any business organization. A free-flowing stream of ideas would result to sharing of knowledge among co-workers. Finally, being open makes a person more assertive. Knowing when to speak up and what to say is very important in the workplace. A person who is not inhibited would always say what’s in his/her mind at the right time. Another important thing I learned from the presentation is the value of collaboration in the workplace. There is a saying that â€Å"No man is an island† which is very obvious in the workplace. More and better things can be achieved if people work together. Having the same vision would motivate each member of a business organization to always put his/her best foot forward in order to achieve his/her goals. A person who can work independently and is, at the same time, a team player would encourage his/her co-workers to also do their best in whatever they do. 3. Workplace Issues The first issue in the workplace that I’d like to talk about involves age, gender, race, and class. In the workplace, one would find all sorts of people coming from diverse background. The challenge lies in overcoming and looking beyond those differences to ensure smooth and friendly workplace relationships. The issue of race, for instance, is very critical in a globalized workplace. One would find different types of people coming from different cultural backgrounds. It is expected that tolerance to different cultures will be displayed in the workplace. The issue of gender and sexual preferences is another interesting issue that needs to be dealt with proper care. Each person posses a unique view of his/her gender which, in turn, influences his/her psychological, intellectual, and emotional make-up. Respect and tolera nce to every person’s gender in the workplace, therefore, is highly needed. While it is ideal to have a smooth and congenial workplace relationships, various conflicts among co-workers may happen from time to time. The issue of resolving conflicts is another workplace issue that needs attention. Gossips, backstabbing, insubordination, and unethical conduct are some of the reasons that spark workplace conflicts. This leads me to the basic rule that apply in any workplace – respect. If each co-worker would treat others with respect, then some of these conflicts can be

Paper for international study classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper for international study classes - Essay Example Before the discovery of oil in the Middle East states, the region had exhibited a hotbed characteristic of religious feuds over the rich Middle East resources and land. The declining of Ottoman Empire, for instance, paved the way for the rise in control of Asian territories by the European imperialists and the colonial powers, which were interested in securing various territorial boundaries. This paper describes the world problems emerging as a result of Asian social, political and economic sabotages and the ways of dealing with these problems. Middle East problems, which are currently reflected in the world systems, as some of the setbacks in the socio-political and economic gains in the world, include terrorism, sectarian violence, political instability, refugee influx and resource conflict (oil). Globalization, per se, is the reason behind the spread of these resources in the world systems; thus the United States, as the super power, has been on the receiving end in the struggle to mitigate all of these Middle East problems. Globalization has been internalized in Arabic as â€Å"awlaama†. It refers to the widespread of ideas throughout the globe. Global ideas include attitudes, customs and institutions, which originated in one part of the world specifically in the Western states. In the Middle East, the decades of globalization have been marked with endless wars, renewed economic independency, and Intrusive U.S. hegemony and continuity terrorism. Globalization has been ushered in the Middle East by war, which has given the Western victors excessive power over the Middle East region and a creation of an underlying violent of anti-globalization struggle (Fawcett 112). Globalization has ideologically strengthened Islamic fundamentalism and youth radicalization through terrorism activities. Due to the ambiguity of globalization, it has additionally resulted into a

Analysis of Apple Incorporateds Performance Research Paper

Analysis of Apple Incorporateds Performance - Research Paper Example Apple’s controversial mission statement that captures the format of a presentation that mentions the product portfolio has met criticism due to its unconventional design. The company’s mission is to â€Å"design Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software† (Arthur, 2010, p5). However, the emphasis of the clear areas of focus by the corporation in its business seems logical when the sharp performance on the various production lines generates the kind of results witnessed. In the items highlighted in the mission statement, production and concentration in the core business of the corporation stand out conspicuously as its guiding principles. Performance in terms of hitting production numbers as well as distribution to meet the ever-growing demand leaving an understandable gap of supply enough to generate a rare form of suspense for its products. Apple has built a market presence with a very strong brand name over the years, breaking several records including the most successful and most valuable company of all time. A decade ago, nobody would have imagined that a company would dislodge Microsoft from the top brand in the world, with a unique product attraction among the consumers but Apple is doing that every day (Jiang et al., 2009). Production of the most recognized electronic device backed by its own software system including operating system and other applications defied the odds of the market such as experienced by Microsoft on a strong software front. Through a commitment on bringing the best computing package to specific consumer groups, the company takes care of its vision statement in several ways. The company captures the needs of scholars, professionals, ordinary consumers with innovative solutions to different needs. Perhaps one of the most complete and trendy products in the market that Apple specializes in, computer hardware capable of interacting with internet usage present the company as a pacesetter. Strategic Goals vs Mission and Vision Statements Apparently, Apples mission and vision statements collapse into the presentation of quality technology in the product portfolio dealt in the current operations and into the future. The two strategic statements complement each other in the sense that the highlight of the actual product scope in the mission statement obtains assurances of unquestionable quality in the vision statement. For instance, the mission state

Master Morality And Slave Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Master Morality And Slave Morality - Essay Example In master morality â€Å"bad† stands for â€Å"lowly†, â€Å"despicable† and it refers to people who are inconsequential and cowardly. In Nietzsche’s opinion, â€Å"bad† always concerns the idea of what is useful and never concentrates what is grant or great. On the other hand, Nietzsche established his ideology of good and bad based on persons and their actions. The doctrine of master morality constitutes the theory that the master generates value. Nietzsche introduces slave morality as a counter treatment against master morality and mentions that slave morality begins when Master morality is rejected. Slave morality always promotes the ‘nay- saying’ people and their attitudes. If the characteristics of a person are ‘evil,’ the better thing is its absence in a person’s life. In contrasting Master or noble morality, slave morality at all times encourages unassuming nature and patience. In addition, it is obvious that slave morality give confidence, the human virtues such as kindness, sympathy and humility among the people. Analyzing Nietzsche’s views about good and bad, one can come across some distinctions in their acceptance. In his view, good originates from self- confirmation and it is considered as the celebration of a person’s greatness, virtue and power. ‘Good’ stands for glorious and proud status of human mind whereas, bad always reveals lowly or despicable which enriches the concept what is useful, rather than what is great or virtue. The encounter between good and bad permits one to identify a hierarchy of people, the noble and great masters or aristocracy and common folk. Mater morality differentiates good and bad which underline the role of good and bad in human life. Good and noble person has kept the status of ‘fullness’ through his entire life and helps his fellow being with the help of distinct qualities like wealth, power and ability. â⠂¬ËœBad’ always disquiets irrelevance and forwardness among the people and it forces one to act as more cowardice, aggressive and irrelevant when good and noble person exposed his gratitude. Unlike the encounter between good and bad, good and evil is differentiated by slave morality. Simon May observes that â€Å"What is evil is absolutely negative and must be annulled if the good is to endure† (May, 2011, p.196). In this juncture, one can see that good concentrates human glory and proud. Whenever a person lost his master morality, he would express some signs of humility, sympathy and patience. ‘Evil’ strictly challenges the perceptible happiness of a noble man and it protest the noble or master morality through upholding humbleness and extreme patience, Nietzsche observes that ‘good’ requires the higher status of master morality among the people while, ‘evil’ demands to enhance the idea that morality is equivalent for all. Examin ing the attitude of Roman rulers towards slaves, Nietzsche introduced some innovative concepts about values. Nietzsche had established a new concept named ‘ressentiment’ which provided a new strategy of control, foster cowardice and the power for the compensatory pleasures. Bill Reynolds identifies that â€Å"Ressentiment is a state of repressed feeling and desire, which becomes generative of values† (Reynolds, n.d.). At present, ressentiment became an effective strategy for â€Å"

Should the IMF and World Bank cancel all the debts of poor countries Research Paper

Should the IMF and World Bank cancel all the debts of poor countries C.Q. Researcher, September 28, 2001, vol. 11, issue - Research Paper Example A good example is the oil crisis of 1973 whereby oil prices escalated forcing governments of many developing countries to borrow heavily from the IMF, the World Bank and other creditors to procure much needed oil supplies. Much of this borrowed capital was spent on noncapital generating ventures or was lost through corruption. This means that these countries were mostly unable to channel these borrowed funds into their economies to fuel economic growth that would in the near future generate the capital necessary to pay off the debt (Palley, 2003, p. 83). Review Proponents of debt abolition have been advocating heavily for cancellation of all debts of poor countries. The most prominent of these is the Jubilee Debt Coalition, a UK-based coalition of local groups and organizations calling for the cancellation of heavy debts owed by developing countries. The issue of debt cancellation is important because heavy debts which are not payable prevent the eradication or reduction of poverty i n the third world. The World Bank and IMF are party to the Millennium Development Goals one of the main aims of which is to significantly reduce the number of the world’s people living below the poverty line (Pettifor, 2003, p. 71 – 73). ... xperiences of countries such as Nigeria, Afghanistan and Iraq indicate that this general lack of insecurity provides a conducive environment for the growth of terrorist organizations with a global reach. These terrorists pose a serious threat to the national security of all countries, including developed countries. The arguments proposed by both proponents and opponents of debt cancellation have their strengths and weaknesses. Proponents include organizations such as the Jubilee Debt Coalition, experts such as renowned economists in the US, and policy makers in the US and the European Union. They have put forward a number of good arguments. Firstly, they argue that many of the loan deals have terms that are unfair to the borrowing poor countries. According to Palley (2003) the interest rates are usually set very high because many of the developing countries are desperate and they borrow on short notice (p. 86). For this reason, the loans end up being very expensive, an unfortunate si tuation considering that the developing countries are the poorest yet they often receive loans that are more expensive than those received by developed countries. In fact, many countries have already paid the amounts they owed several times over because the debt grows faster than they can pay due to high interest. Therefore, it is only fair that the World Bank and the IMF cancel these debts while it is working on a solution to ensure that in future, terms of loans consider the state of a country’s economy and its rate of economic development. Secondly, proponents argue that debt needs to be cancelled in order to harmonize goals of the United Nations with those of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The UN’s Millennium Development Goals heavily emphasize the reduction of

Obama's Policy in Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Obama's Policy in Afghanistan - Essay Example Obama was likely to bring the ray of hope for the people of America. But for Obama it was a test of all his managerial and leadership skills. One of the major challenges that newly became president faced was making policies for Afghanistan. But before discussing Obama’s Afghanistan policy in detail it is very important to have a clear idea about the major incidents in Afghanistan over the past few years and how intensely America is associated with Afghanistan. After 9/11 America got itself directly involved in the biggest war against terrorism in Afghanistan as the country believed that Osama Bin Laden was the master mind behind 9/11. Laden was the founder of terrorist group Al Qaeda and was hiding in Afghanistan where he got support from Taliban. Thousands of US troops were deployed in Afghanistan with the objective of defeating Taliban and Al-Qaeda by catching Osama Bin Laden and other leaders of Al Qaeda and Taliban. On December 07, 2001 Kandahar which was a Taliban stronghold fell down and Bin Laden along with Mullah Mohammed Omar who was a Taliban leader escaped. On December 16 Tora Bora, the mountain cave where Taliban and Al Qaeda took shelter, also fell down. An interim government of six month was formed in Afghanistan and Hamid Karzai, was selected as the chairman of this government. In 2002 Karzai was elected as president of Afghanistan, although other Afghan factions were not happy regarding this. But on January 04, 2004 they a ll agreed on a constitution which made the way for elections (Guardian, A chronology of events in Afghanistan since the attacks of September 11 2001). Finally in October presidential election took place and in November Karzai was declared to be the winner. In the meanwhile international community was providing financial aid with the purpose of rebuilding the country. Despite of falling of most of the Taliban and Al Qaeda strongholds, several small and medium scale attacks were made from their end on

Individual written analysis of case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual written analysis of case - Essay Example In order to generate superior value for patients, Cleveland had evaluated the requirements of the patients in the first place, restructured the organisation in order to fulfil those requirements and developed information technology (IT) system (Porter and Teisberg 1-23). Critical Components of Cleveland’s Overall Strategy. According to the case provided, the three critical components of Cleveland’s overall strategy include innovation, culture and growth. Cleveland has made innovation in several areas like medical services. A few of its innovation comprise establishing world first heart transplant by implanting artificial heart and developing first computerised information registry on cardiac diagnosis among others. Furthermore, Cleveland remained much committed towards maintaining excellent team culture with outstanding administrative and interactive abilities (Porter and Teisberg 1-23). Where Cleveland Clinic Made Most Progress? Most of the progress of Cleveland was concentrated on the area of health system, organisational structure, patient satisfaction and information technology. In order to enhance the health system, Dr. Cosgrove, the CEO of the Clinic has started to rationalise the healthcare services across the system. The objective was to deliver appropriate care at the right place for each patient. As a part of rationalisation, several activities were undertaken, for example, obstetrics were shifted to community hospitals and psychiatry facilities were focused on one community area among others. Furthermore, Cleveland also improved the health system by increasing constancy and incorporation of care paths and by developing a common medical recoding system (Porter and Teisberg 1-23). Specially mentioning, the organisational structure of Cleveland has also improved considerably. In the year 2007, Dr. Cosgrove has reorganised every healthcare

Book vs. Film(life of pi) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Book vs. Film(life of pi) - Essay Example The second part describes the circumstances that led to the sea voyage that forms the core of the story, and the third section is a detailed description of Pi’s experiences at sea. The fourth and final section of the novel includes the author’s sentiments and tells of Pi’s rescue and explains the how the story developed. Pi’s adventure starts when the ship they were sailing on gets shipwrecked and he is stranded on a life boat in the company of a Bengal Tiger named Richard parker. In the film, Pi is accompanied by Richard Parker, an Orangutan monkey, a Zebra and Hyena. This paper seeks to discuss Life of Pi by focusing on several points and the spirit of survival, its impact and significance in life. Pi was brought up as a Hindu by his family a characteristic that can be attributed to him being a vegetarian. As Pi grew older, he discovered the existence of Christianity and Islam religions, which he investigated and explored extensively. He came to the conc lusion that the three religions had their benefits thus; he decided to practice all of them since all he wanted was to love God (Martel, 2012). This is illustrated by his conclusion regarding the two visitors to their zoo who belonged to two different religious affiliations, yet they had identical names. Pi concluded that even though they belonged to two extremely different religious inclinations, they still sought to gain a higher understanding and love a higher supreme deity. Pi’s experience with the three religions can be construed to have prepared him to deal with what he faced at sea (Martel, 2012). The aspects above are better illustrated in the book than in the film adaptation because the book offers the reader the opportunity to use their imagination, understanding, perspective and insight to recreate the author’s intended premise. Pi faced a life threatening situation at sea and his faith in religion can be attributed to his triumph over adversity especially i n matters of faith when he was faced with doubt. The animals that were in Pi’s company on the life boat served to enlighten Pi on the need of being string when faced with adversity. The Hyena threatened Pi’s life by snarling at him an indication that it meant him harm. The hyena killed the grants zebra and the orangutan monkey then ate them after which Richard Parker the tiger killed and ate the hyena leaving it and pi as the sole occupants of the vessel. This served as a very significant lesson for pi because it helped Pi realize that in order for him to survive; he had to gain control of the tiger. This incident also taught Pi that the world was only meant for the strong and those who were ready to live by any means necessary (Martel, 2012). It helped Pi realize that the world had no room for the weak as illustrated by the way the hyena eliminated the other animals who could not fight or fend defend themselves on the life boat. Pi comes to the conclusion that in orde r to secure his survival he has to establish a hierarchy on the life boat so as to facilitate a peaceful coexistence between him and the tiger. Pi’s use of animal psychology and training techniques he learnt from their zoo is an illustration of how adversity has the ability of exposing an individual’s hidden potential and abilities. The film adaptation of the novel is more illustrative of the above aspects because the situation on the life boat is brought to life for the audience. The theme of life is

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior Essay Example for Free

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior Essay Violent behavior is a central theme in many kinds of media. Television and movies depict violent behaviors as acceptable ways of communicating and resolving problematic social situations (Strasburger Donnerstein, 1999). During the twentieth century, Americans were introduced to a wide variety of media technology, including televisions, digital computers, video cassette players and handheld electronic machines (Anderson Bushman, 2001). Although television is but one of the many media venues, it represents the predominant medium to which very young children are exposed. The 1972 report to the Surgeon General found that 96% of American homes have one or more television sets and the average home set is on more than six hours a day and frequent viewing usually begins at about age 3 and remains relatively high until about age 12 (1972, pp. 1-2). Kaisers study (1999) found that children spend up to 40 hours per week in front of the television. For children under the age of 7, Wright et al. (1994) found that media exposure averaged just over four hours per day. Other studies have concurred that the television has become a predominant medium of experience for the child. In a 1990 position paper, the NAEYC stated that the trend toward increased depiction of violence in the media jeopardizes the healthy development of significant numbers of our nations children (1990, p. 18). The viewing experience is highly complex, subjective, and dependent upon the childs level of cognitive and emotional understanding (Wright et al. , 1994). Social scientists and policy makers have expressed concern about the potential negative impact of exposure of violence on children (Bushman Geen, 1990). They have explored the negative impact longitudinally, both experimentally and observationally, and found that children as young as 2 and into adolescence are adversely affected by televised violence. Studies demonstrated that after viewing violent programs, the child behaved aggressively and imitated the scenes of the violent behavior in his play (Anderson Bushman 2001). This paper explores the current state of research in this area and seeks for the relationship between television watching and childhood violence. Television and Violence The most recent large-scale longitudinal study was initiated in 1994 by researchers at the Universities of California, Texas, Wisconsin, and North Carolina. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS) was deemed the largest scientific study of television violence ever undertaken (Federman, 1998). NTVS involved a three-year effort (1994-1997) to review violence in televised programming. It examined three areas of concern: televised programming context, factors that either positively or negatively alter the risk of viewing violence, and the interactions between programming and the viewers. In this study, nearly 10,000 hours of televised cross-channel programming were examined using five major groupings: broadcast networks, independent broadcast, public broadcast, basic cable, and premium cable. The authors found that 61% of programs contain violence. By the third year of the study, there was more violent interaction observed across the programs analyzed. Specific to the younger child, the study found that childrens programs, as a genre, contained the greatest share (50%) of all high-risk violent interactions, as well as the highest ratio of interactions per hour (. 75) (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 175). Child-oriented cable programs such as those on Cartoon Network, Disney, or Nickelodeon contained the most high risk violent interactions (27%), compared to general-entertainment basic cable (24%), independent broadcast (19%), and premium cable (17%) (Federman, 1998). Early morning viewing, which is primarily child-focused cartoon programming, has at least one high-risk violent presentation every hour. In one week, a child is exposed to at least 20 violent behavior depictions, and in one year over 1,000, if he watches three hours of early morning television a day (Federman, 1997-1998). The authors also found that over the course of three years there was little change in the overall number of violent programs. However, there was a significant increase (8%) in the portrayals of violent incidents per program and childrens programs continued to depict violence in animated stories (Federman, Vol. 2, 1998). In many of these violent interactions, the main character did not experience any appropriate consequences for aggressive behavior. One of the goals of the NTVS was to encourage more responsible television programming and viewing. The study emphasized the message that understanding the impact of viewed televised violence offers an opportunity to significantly reduce the risks to society that are posed by exposure to televised violence. Young Childs Experience of Violence The American media is rife with portrayals of justified violence (Federman, 1997-1998). The good guy beats up the bad guy, and laughter or expressions of glee follow hurtful acts. This conveys the message that aggression is an acceptable way to solve problems and express frustration. Children of all ages watch television and videos on a daily basis and are exposed to acts of violence that potentially shape their way of thinking and behaving (Minow Lamay, 1995, p. 36) Cartoons feature patterns that are more likely to encourage aggression in children, especially if they are under the age of seven (Boyatzis et al. , 1987). Aggressive behaviors, often portrayed in the genre of animation aimed at children, are confusing for the young child. The stories presented as humorous, with laughter accompanying actions that are hostile and aggressive. This may lead to a decrease in his potential fear of danger and may also foster desensitization to harmful situations (Federman, 1997-1998). Significant results revealed that televised violence is changing the behavior of children (Federman, 1997-1998). Individuals of all ages learn through observation. Three important factors affect the impact of learning through modeling. First, the more engaging and attractive the model is, the more the viewer will stay attentive; the less appealing the character is, the more likely the viewer will be distracted or ignore the experience. The second compelling factor is the repeated exposure of the modeling stimuli. As a result of repeated exposure, modeling stimuli eventually produces enduring, retrievable images (Bandura, 1977, p. 25). The third factor, the complexity of the observed experience, affects the rate of observational learning. It is based on the observers capacity to process information. However, the young child may imitate without knowing what his behavior means. Bandura suggests that immediate imitation does not require much in the way of cognitive functioning because the behavioral reproduction is externally guided by the models action (Bandura, 1977, p. 27). Banduras research throughout the 1960s and 1970s with the inflatable Bobo doll demonstrated a relationship between viewing aggressive acts of behavior and performing them. He found that children would more often choose the Bobo doll to punch after viewing a televised violent program than reading a book or choosing a quiet game. Although Banduras work on modeling has been challenged over the years, there has been strong support. Later researchers have expanded Banduras initial studies, finding that the younger the child is, the more likely he will use imitation rather than rational thinking to choose an appropriate, non-violent way of relating. Eron et al. (1972) reported a strong relationship between viewed violence at age 8 and aggressive behavior. Canton and Sparks (1984) found that preschool children have a greater fear response than older children and react accordingly to what they see. Singer et al. (1999) concluded that there was a significant association linking violent exposure with childrens self-reported violent behaviors. Boyatzis et al. s 1995 study of 52 elementary school children with a mean age 7 years, 9 months, showed how children reacted to watching an episode of The Power Rangers. They found that the childs aggressive tendency and lack of fear was immediate and markedly greater following an exposure to but a single episode of The Power Rangers. (Boyatzis et al. , 1995, p. 53). Animated programming such as The Power Rangers, Ninja Turtles characterizes the hero as attractive, strong, and powerful. These characters use violence to solve problematic situations and rescue the helpless victim. The NTVS found that a preschooler who watches an average of 2 hours a day of such content will 43 be exposed to at least 10 hazardous portrayals a week, and over 500 in a year (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 163). Other studies have documented the relationship between exposure to violence and aggressive thought and action. For example, Josephson (1987) presented two television excerpts, one violent and one non-violent, to 396 third-grade boys from 13 schools. She hypothesized that there was a relationship between viewed violence and aggressive play behavior. Significance was found in increased aggressive behavior in boys who played a game of hockey after watching a violent program. Boys who scored high on characteristic levels of aggressiveness used more aggressive behaviors in their hockey game if they were in the groups that viewed violence. Furthermore, she found that the boys who watched the violent tape and were not given verbal cues about appropriateness of the behavior played more aggressively after the tape than either the boys who watched a non-violent tape, or boys who watched a violent tape but were given verbal cues that commented on appropriateness of behavior(Josephson, 1987). Children are being presented with messages that invite aggressive ways of relating to resolve situations and handle life events (Groves 2002). Current televised shows use cartoons, as well as live actors, to display forms of aggression as a means of relating to others and solving problems. A significant shift in televised programming, though, has occurred with the portrayal of aggressive behavior through more real life characterization, as illustrated in shows like The Power Rangers. The visual experience of aggressive behavior has become more like real life to the child because instead of viewing animated characters using aggressive behavior, the child can now watch individuals similar to himself transmogrify into violent machines (Boyatzis et al. , 1995). In this mechanical state, the portrayed behavior is violent and aggressive with the childs intention of solving a problem. Witnessing these aggressive acts of behavior gives the child a script to construct his social interactions. Since young children create and store behavior that they see, viewing violence becomes a potential way of relating to an experience. Whether the televised programming is in the form of cartoons or real life, social scripts are constructed by the child and are then employed in day-to-day experiences (Groves 2002). Mitigating the Influence of Violent Television Even though there have been numerous studies documenting the impact of televised violence on the behavior of children, the television industry has been reluctant to change violent programming (Singer et al. , 1999). As a result, recent research has focused on how to mitigate the experience of what the child sees rather than waiting for the industry to change what is presented to the public. The child uses internal processes, relying on cognitive and emotional capacities, to actively understand what has been experienced. In his efforts to understand these experiences, the child will find a way to concretize the experience into either emotional or behavioral responses. Younger children need the assistance of another to understand what they experience because they are unable to adjust their viewing and comprehension activities in response to learning instructions (Field Anderson, 1985, p. 91). Collins, Sobol, and Westby (1981) studied 47 children with a mean age of 7. 8 years. Children who watched a program in the presence of an adult who provided ongoing commentary showed improved comprehension of the plot and the witnessed experiences. Without adult participation, the younger children remembered only the aggressive behaviors without remembering the link to either the motive or the consequence. Huesmann et al. (1983) sampled 169 first- and third-grade children over a two-year period. The focus of the study was to mitigate the relation between aggression and television violence viewing in children through an intervention that altered the childrens attitudes about aggression and violent shows (Huesmann et al. , 1983, p. 899). They found a significant change in how the child responded to violence when the experimenter commented on the violent behavior. More children responded with appropriate answers when they were directly asked, what are the bad things that could happen when a child imitates the aggressive behavior of a character? St. Peters et al. (1991) found that the role of co-viewing by the parent with the child is beneficial. This study was conducted over a two-year period and involved the participation of 271 children, ages 3 to 5 years, and their parents. Parental comments about the televised material helped the children understand what they saw. The parents comments differentiated acceptable and non-acceptable behavior for the child. Young children need this clarification and guidance because they have relatively few internal structures to guide them in their behavior (St. Peters et al. , 1991). Kubey (1996) noted that network and cable programming are unsuitable for some children, especially the young child. No amount of adult commenting will completely mitigate what a child experiences. Monitoring and limiting a childs choice of television shows to reduce the exposure to violent behaviors is similar to monitoring a childs choice of foods to ensure health and nutrition. Children are victims to the effects of exposure to violence. Parents are critically important as a resource for the child in his attempt to understand the world. Grover (2002) noted that the child who has been exposed to violence responds more favorably to a nurturing, sensitive and caring adult relationship. The more parents know about their childs changing capacities to understand the world, the better able they are to respond empathically and appropriately to the child (Garbarino, 1992). However, it is essential, as a parent is a primary resource to buffer, explain and clarify life experiences for the child that are beyond the childs capacity to understand ((Minow Lamay, 1995). The study by Singer et al. (1980) found that parents influenced their childrens perceptions of the importance of television by the type and amount of television viewing they had. Collins et al. (1981) found that parental commentary helped children understand the implicit program content. The longitudinal study by St. Peters et al. (1991) of 3- and 5-year-olds and their families viewing patterns found that parents viewing choices play a role in determining a childs exposure to television programs. Conclusion Young children often copy the violent actions that they have witnessed. Banduras work on modeling in the field of social learning has been significant in conceptualizing the relationship between viewing violence and subsequent behaviors. The solution for ameliorating the impact of televised violence focuses on change in parental attitudes as well as profound changes in the entertainment industry. Changing parental attitudes and behavior toward media violence is more feasible than changing the way the entertainment industry portrays violence. Educating parents about the childs cognitive and emotional developmental capacities has been recommended widely as one solution to lessen the potential impact of media violence. References Anderson, C, Bushman, B. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. American Psychological Society, 12, pp. 353-359. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Boyatzis, C. J. , Matillo, G. M. , Nesbitt, K. M. (1995). Effects of The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers on childrens aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25(1), pp. 45-55.

About the bridge and router

About the bridge and router Introduction In this current assignment I will discuss about the bridge and router. This assignment I will explain the definition of what is a bridge and a router in detail. The bridge and router has its own advantages and disadvantages in many ways by looking thru its capability and specification wise. Bridge is a wired connection which is only use for that computer which is connected to it and router is a wireless connection which can be shared by many other computer or laptop. Secondly, I will calculate and find the subnet mask, number address in each subnet and first and last addresses in subnet. 1.The answer is yes it is possible to replace the bridge with a router. Thru coming year our technology is expanding rapidly because of that many alternative way can be done to solve networking problem. I will explain what are a router (refer to figure1.1) and a bridge (refer to figure1.2) individually in performing a task to connect thru the network.   In telecommunication networks of today, the bridge is a device that enables us to connect to the local area network known as local area network to another local area network which uses the same protocol as Ethernet or token ring. You can imagine that the bridge device as being to be able to decide whether a certain context of message from another person to someone else is by going thru to the local area network in your current building or to someone else on the local area network in another building which is located across the street. The bridge examines or checks each message carefully on a local area network, passing thru those which are known to be within the same local area network, and forwarding those which are known to be on the other interconnected local area network. In bridging networks of today, a computer address or a node address have no accurate or specific relationship to location where it is located. For this reason, messages are randomly sent out to every single address located on the current network and only can be accepted by the intended and matching destination node. The bridge learns which addresses are on specific network and create a learning table in order for each subsequent message to be forwarded to the correct network. Bridging networks commonly are always interconnected local area networks since broadcasting each and every message to all available destinations would causes a flood to the larger network with unwanted traffic. For this reason, router networks such as the Internet use a scheme that assigns addresses to nodes so that a message or packet can be forwarded only in one general direction rather than forwarded in all directions. A bridge operate at the data-link level of a network also known as physical network, is by copying a data frame from another network to the next network by moving along the communications path. A bridge contains more overhead and lesser amount of repeater. The bridge processes the packet at only the two layers; the repeater processes each frame at only on one layer. The bridge will need to look for a table and get the forwarding port together for it to regenerate its signal; only the repeater will regenerates the signal. The transparent bridge works by using two processes known as bridge forwarding and bridge learning. If the destination address exists in the forwarding database which is already created, the packet will then be forwarded to the port number to the specific destination host which has been attached. If it doesnt exist in the forwarding database, forwarding will be done on all parts which cause flooding. This process is referred as bridge forwarding. Moreover, as each frame reaches it destination, its source address will indicates where a particular host is located, so that the bridge knows where to forward the frames to that address. This process is called bridge learning. The key features of a transparent bridge is that the stations are not aware of the existence of a transparent bridge and reconfiguration of the bridge is not required because it can be added or removed on its own without knowing. The advantages of bridging is that its self-configuring which doesnt require any skillful technically expertise to configured it because is not as complex as the router. Secondly, the price of a simple bridge device is not expensive at all compared to the router. Thirdly, it isolate collision domain which will reduce the size of collision domain by using micro segmentation in the non-switched network. Fourthly, bridges wont deny the introduction of management or performance information and access control. Fifthly, local area networks interconnected in the bridge are divided and the physical constraints like the number of station, repeater and segment length will not be apply. Sixthly, the bridge manages incoming trafficking and lessens the bandwidth to be wasted by avoiding all unwanted flow of data located in between the network segments. By using this method it can effectively ensure that the optimal performance on both sides of the network segment. Bridges might be functioning jus t like a traffic police on the city street, by controlling the movement of the legitimate data and not allowing all unwanted traffic passing through it. Bandwidth that is wasted will create unwanted delay of time and reduce the performance speed of the current network used. A bridge is therefore can also act as a bandwidth monitor, by channeling important relevant data and discarding rubbish to improve the bandwidth throughput. It also can be thought out as a traffic shaping or a managing firewall. Seventhly, the network bridges improve the functional length of a network by connecting each single local area network segments. A network is possible to be segmented and join together without requiring the need of creating IP subnets or the usage of a router. The network bridges expand the capacity of the network without the requiring for hardware equipment something like cables, and software constraints which is the firewalls. Eighthly, the bridge network is capable of connecting both s imilar and different local area network segments. It is connected, for an instance, an Ethernet segment connected together with a Token Ring segment, which allows both to function as one and by having similar IP address. A bridge connects local area network segments thru many different protocols, a local area network segment including the Internet and a wireless local area network (WLAN) with a local area network segment. The bridge network can also be used to connect two carrier sense multiple access or collision detection (CSMA/ CD) local area network, and a token ring local area networks with a carrier sense multiple access or collision detection (CSMA/ CD) local area network. It is important to connect different segments possessing non-similar protocols for data transmission. The disadvantages of bridging are that the scope of broadcast has no limit in the bridge network. Secondly, extremely large networks are not being scaled in the bridge network. Thirdly, the bridge network delays the length of time for the action to do buffering and processing. Fourthly, repeater and hubs cost a lesser amount of price compared to buying a bridge.   Fifthly, a complex network topology can pose a problem for transparent bridges. For example, multiple paths that are located in between the transparent bridges and local area network can cause the bridge looping. The spanning tree protocol is to help in reducing the problems with complicated topologies. In packet-switching networks such as the Internet which connect to the world wide web, the router is a device that is capable, in some cases, software that are inside the computer, so that it determines from one network to another network point in which a single packet should be   forwarded toward its right destination. The router is connected with at least two networks or more networks and it determine which way to send each packet containing the information based on its own knowledge of the current condition of the working networks that it is connected to. A router can be located at any gateway in where one network can be met with another network, including each point-of-presence on the Internet will surfing in the World Wide Web (WWW). A router is most of the time is included as a fraction from the network switch. The router sometimes can create or maintain the table for the current routes used and its own conditions and using the information together with distance and cost the algorithm to decide on its own to choose the best route for each packet thats been given. Typically, a single packet sometimes moves through a specific number of network points with the use of routers before reaching at its currently set destination. Routing will function by associating with the Network layer which is located in layer 3 where it is in the standard model of network programming, it is called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3 switch allows the switch to be able to perform routing functions properly. An edge router is another kind of router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. A brouter is combined with a bridge network and a router. For the home computer users and business computer users which owned a high-speed Internet connection by using a cable, satellite, or digital subscribe line (DSL), the router can be like a hardware firewall. This fact is true because even though if the home or the business owned only a single computer at home or at work place. Out of many of the engineers trust that the usage of a router provides a higher protection level against hacking by hacker compare to a software firewall inside the computer, because none of the computer Internet Protocol address are easy to be revealed to the Internet. This makes the port scan which is a technique for exploring weaknesses almost essentially impossible to be done. In addition, a router does not simply suck up the resources in the computer as a software firewall does. Commercially manufactured routers are easily to be installed, its sold at a reasonable price, and made available for hard-wired network or wireless networks. The advantage of using a router is that the data can be travel between different networks, so that you can use the local area network and wide area network connectivity at the same time. The router has many different type of connections which can be connected to a lot of architecture, many kind of media from the internet and also for internal use within an organization. The router is useful for transferring data to others because it makes its own decision by taking the best route and paths in order to get the correct data to the target node. Router has domain that will cause smaller collisions. Wireless Internet also known as the router provides super quick broadband speed, approaching up to two megabytes per second or even quicker. More and more customers are hoping for the broader bandwidth, so the number should slowly crawl up steadily over for the next few months or years to come. Wireless internet is more reasonable and has better performance wise over the satellite broadband , this is because satellite signals typically needs to travel around tens of thousands of miles away. Wireless internet is also extremely responsive, when you are launching up the web pages, downloading emails is quicker, and able to engage in teleconferencing or video conferencing over the internet, your wireless internet system will be able to yield ultra quick transmission. Weather condition, radio frequencies distraction, and traffic congestion can all impede wireless internet flow. Moreover, with the building of transmission towers across each nation, it safe to say that if people who live within a average proximity of an urban area, those people will be more closer to the wireless Internet tower. The wireless Internet broadband service allows rural Web surfers a certain way to get into the high speed telecommunications without requiring to lay down the fiber or reconfiguring in the public switched telephone network system according to the updated digital subscribe line (DSL) sta ndards. Thus, sending communications to a much smaller town in certain area which lacks of cable infrastructure or merely seeking to dodge the slow speed and sometimes complicate the plans associated with digital subscribe line (DSL), wireless Internet is just a beautiful method to boost your surfing time. The disadvantages of a router is because of the cost of the router will be more as it is more expensive compared to the hub, bridge switch. The router has more bandwidth when it is interconnected with many buildings or when it is doing some updating.The router must have a larger latency during the time when there are a lot of packets to be sorted. With the help of wireless Internet service, there still the problem of someone with bad intention, inside within the wireless traffic, hacking to get into your own connection from a distance away and its done by a person known as a hacker. So, you will need to make sure that youre using the wireless security to make sure all the private information in it is kept safe from other stranger viewers such as hacker. There are many available firewalls which work and perform task better enough for this specific purpose or you can just go look into by using the network system which is able to create a password protected connections. Verizon wireless and Sprint wireless are two out of many popular wireless companies in the business of today. Verizon wireless offers several different kinds of wireless devices which are often used by customer. Hand phones and wireless broadband Internet are also very popular services that they currently offering. Not only that they also provide service for personal digital assistant (PDA) and wireless personal computer (PC) cards. Wireless technology can appear in many different kind of various forms as well. You will be able to find wireless speakers for the stereo system also, wireless headphones for communicating, wireless receivers and transmitters and even microphones to talk over the net. You can also find wireless computer mouse, wireless keyboards, satellite television (TV), cordless telephones and even the garage door controller without manually doing it. In the next coming generation will probably bring us to a world filled with many kind of wireless technology devices. H ard wired devices will in the end up as being a device or a thing from the past generation, once wireless technology will enlarge. As the wireless Internet technology improves, personal digital assistants (PDA), blackberry devices, and other well known hand phones or personal computer (PC) hybrids will likely depend on it increasingly on non-fiber based transmissions. Thus by learning yourself for now about the current wireless Internet trends and developing initiatives, that you can knowingly position yourself as the earliest adopter of the next generation of Wi-Fi concerned technologies. Understanding what is what at its cutting edge of telecom tech development will also fill your overall investment portfolio. Bridge device has some similarity with a router, but it does not analyze the data that is being forwarded. Because of this, bridges are typically quicker at transferring data, than but not as versatile as a router. For example, the bridge cannot work as a firewall like most of the routers can in which show the disadvantages of the bridge compare to the router. A bridge is capable for transferring data between different protocols such as a Token Ring and Ethernet network. A router on the other hand are like traffic police, they examine each single packet of data, get the accurate destination address and forwards it thru the network to be sent to the right address. Bridging and routing are both method of performing data control, but it work through many kind of different methods. Bridging takes place at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 which is referred as data-link layer while routing takes place at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3 which is referred as network layer. This difference the meaning of a bridge and a router where a bridge directs frames by following the hardware assigned media control access (MAC) addresses while a router makes its own decisions based on the arbitrarily assigned internet protocol (IP) Addresses. As a result of that, bridges are not bothered with and are not able to recognize networks while routers can capable of doing that. Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 is the protocol layer which will transfer the data located between the adjacent network nodes in the wide area network (WAN) or in between the nodes on similar local area network (LAN) segment. Data link layer also provides functional and procedural means to move the data between network entities and sometimes provide the means to spot and mostly correct errors that may happen in the Physical Layer. Data link layer is also related with local delivery of frames in between the device on similar local area network (LAN). Data link frames, as these protocol data units are used to be referred as, will not go over the limit of a local network. Inter-network routing and global addressing are bigger layer functions, allowing data link protocols to concentrate on local delivery, addressing, and media arbitration. By using this way, the data link layer is analogous to specific neighborhood traffic cop; it endeavors to arbitrate in between parties contending for gaining access to the medium. When a devices attempt to make use of a medium during the same time, frame collisions happen. Data link protocols specify how devices spot and heal from such collisions, but it will not stop it from occurring. Delivery of frames from layer 2 devices can affect the use of unambiguous hardware addresses. The frames header will contains source and location addresses that will show which device originated the frame and which device can be ignore to get and process it. In other word, the hierarchical and routable addresses from the network layer, layer two addresses are flat, meaning theres no part of the address that might be able to be used in order to find out the logical or physical group to which the address come from. The data link also provides data transfer moving across the physical link. That will be able to transfer many data link protocols which do not have acknowledgments of successful frame reception and acceptance, and certain amount of the data link protocols maybe will not even have any form of checksum to find or scan for the transmission errors. In this case, higher-level protocols will provide flow control, error finding, and acknowledgments and retransmission. Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3 is the network layer job is to do end-to-end packet sending including routing thru intermediate hosts, where else the data link layer job is to do node-to-node frame sending on similar links. The network layer will also provides functional and procedural means of transferring changeable length data sequences from one source to one location host thru a single or multiple network while maintaining the standard of the service and error control functions. This difference the meaning of a bridge and a router where a bridge directs frames by following the hardware assigned media control access (MAC) addresses while a router makes its own decisions based on the arbitrarily assigned internet protocol (IP) Addresses. As a result of that, bridges are not bothered with and are not able to recognize networks while routers can capable of doing that. When designing or creating a network, one can choose to insert multiple segments into a single bridged network or to divide them into many different networks interconnected by using routers. If a host is physically transferred from the current network area to next network in a routed network, it has to obtain a new internet protocol (IP) address; if the system has been transferred within the bridged network, it doesnt have to be change or modified anything. The consequence which by replacing a bridge with a router is that the router will cost more expensive than the price of a bridge and more complex to be set up or understand compared to a bridge. Secondly, router operates only at the first three-layers of the network while the bridge operates only at the first two layer of the network. Thirdly, is that router are not created to provide direct filtering compared to a bridge which does it. Fourthly, a router normally requires a longer amount of time which makes it time consuming in order for it to search for the routing table compared to searching for the filtering table which takes up lesser amount of time to be searched. Fifthly, a router is required to decapsulate and encapsulates the specific frame and modified the current physical addresses in the frame because the physical addresses in the arriving frame define the old node and the present router; both must be change to the physical addresses following the current router and the n ext hop. The bridge does not modify the current physical addresses. Changing addresses, and other fields, in the frame means causing a lot of unwanted overhead. 2a) Log ² 500=8.95 extras 1s=9 possible subnets: 29=512 mask: 9+8=/17 b) 232-17=215=32768 addresses for each subnet c) The first subnet: The first address is the starting address of the block. 16. 0. 0. 0 In order to find the last address, you need to write 32,767 (one lesser than the number of addresses in each subnet) in base 256 (0.0.127.255) and adding it with the first address (in base 256). First address in subnet 1:  16.0.0.0 Number of addresses:  0.0.127. 255 Last address in subnet1:  16.0.127.255 d) The last subnet: Note that the subnet 500 will not be the last possible subnet; but it will be the last subnet used by the organization. In order to find the first address in subnet 500, you will need to add 16,351,232 (499 ÃÆ'- 32678) in base 256 (0. 249.128.0) into the first address in subnet First address in subnet 1:  16.0.0.0 Number of addresses:  0.249.128.0 First address in subnet 500: 16.249.128.0 Now you can be able to calculate the last address in subnet 500. First address in subnet 500:16.249.128.0 Number of addresses: 0.0.127.255 Last address in subnet 500: 16.249.255.255 Conclusion In conclusion, we learn that bridges and router has their own advantages over each other. For example, the bridge will not be distracted by any other device which will intercept the connection because it uses cable to connect to the network without moving thru the air. Another example is that the router is able to be connected by many other computers within a certain range in distance unlike bridge which is able to be used by a single connected computer only. There are consequences of replacing the bridge with the router is that the router will cost more than the price of the bridge. Abstract In telecommunication networks of today, the bridge is a device that enables us to connect to the local area network. The bridge examines or checks each message carefully on a local area network. In bridging networks of today, a node address have no accurate relationship to location where it is located. Bridging networks commonly are always interconnected local area networks. A bridge operates at the data-link level of a network by copying a data frame from another network to the next network. A bridge contains more overhead and lesser amount of repeater. The transparent bridge works by using two processes known as bridge forwarding and bridge learning. The advantages of bridging is that its self-configuring which doesnt require any skillful technically expertise. The disadvantages of bridging are that the scope of broadcast has no limit. The router is connected with at least two networks or more networks and it determine which way to send each packet. Routing will function by associa ting with the Network layer which is located in layer 3 where it is called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The advantage of using a router is that the data can be travel between different networks. The disadvantages of a router is because of the cost of the router is more expensive than the hub. Bridging and routing are both method of performing data control. Bridging takes place at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 while routing takes place at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3. Protocol layer will transfer the data located between the adjacent network nodes and network layer job is to do end-to-end packet sending. The consequence which by replacing a bridge with a router is that the router will cost more expensive. Reference 1) Wikianswer What are the Advantages of routers over bridges[online]. Available from:http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Advantages_of_routers_over_bridges 2) Wikipedia Bridging (networking)[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_(networking) 3) SearchSecurity What is bridge?[online]. Available from: http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci211705,00.html 4) SearchNetworking What is router?[online]. Available from: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212924,00.html 5) Mcgraw hill Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual Networks[online].Available from:http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/dl/free/0072967757/281778/SolStd15.pdf 6) Wapedia Wiki:Bridging(networking)[online]. Available   from:http://wapedia.mobi/en/Bridging_(networking) 7) eHow The Advantages of a Network Bridge[online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.com/list_6023005_advantages-network-bridge.html 8) blurtit What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using A Router?[online]. Available from: http://www.blurtit.com/q7578003.html 9) zimbio Advantages And Disadvantages For Wireless Internet[online]. Available from:http://www.zimbio.com/Keyword+Marketing/articles/5/Advantages+Disadvantages+Wireless+Internet 10) Wikipedia Network Layer[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Layer 11) Wikipedia Data Link Layer[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Link_Layer 12) (figure1.1) Available from:http://www.belindahaikes.com/VisualCultureandTechnology/VCT1998/68573-router-diagram.gif 13)(figure1.2) Available from:http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2001/03/16/graphics/Figure4_2.jpg

Historical Perspectives of Male Nursing

Historical Perspectives of Male Nursing Rachelle Neighbarger Introduction Predominantly, nursing has always been considered as female dominated profession guided by extreme stereotypical perceptions of sexuality. Generally, the nursing profession is marred by wide apparitions of gender imbalance on the perception that nursing has its foundation in the prospects of Florence Nightingale thereby ever since it is often defined as a marginalized profession most suitable and deserving for women. The public at large has the preset perception that men who settle for nursing as their profession do so simply because they were rejected into a medical school and for self actualization purposes. Many at times those men who settle on nursing as their career choice often do so simply because they failed in a particular field and many at times they usually end up quitting their jobs the first few years. This is simply because men in the nursing industry experience a great deal of discrimination and professional barriers that generally inhibit their full specialty that pus hes them to hold onto such a job for long. However, this stereotypical perception does not help in the push for more number of nurses be it male or female who simply get into the profession for purposes of caring for individuals who are ill or need close medical attention on a round the clock basis. Historical Perspective of Male Nursing In the long run, the stereotypical perceptions lead to male nurses being discriminated against where there full working rights are denied on the basis of socially constricted gender roles. Take for instance, situations in the nursing profession where male nurses cannot be promoted to leadership role on the basis of their gender, with regards to varied forms of nursing training which leads to their exclusion in practicing in fields like gynecology or obstetrics. Perhaps it is simply because of their lack of will to practice in these fields or poor networking or rather the basic underlying problem-gender discrimination. The numbers of men enrolling in nursing educational programs is minimal, a majority of those enrolling are the female counterparts; perhaps this trend is conceptualized by the fact that the nursing profession is perceived with a feminine touch to caring (Paterson Saydack, 1996). This paper thus seeks to examine how the man has adapted to the nursing profession, the his torical background of male nursing, the advantages and disadvantages of practicing as a male nurse, infer on the impact of men turning to nursing as a profession and finally juxtapose all the aforementioned details with a slight touch of personal perception of men in the nursing industry. Underpinned in this paper’s discussion of male nursing is a clear cut inference of discrimination in the nursing profession that is guided by gender-based stereotypical connection. Historical Background In the 20th Century specifically during Florence Nightingale’s time, nursing was considered a woman-only occupation were men were strongly vilified and perceived as being incapable of offering any caring services simply because of they had ‘horny’ hands that were considered unfavorable to care offer thus prompting their exclusion from the profession of nursing (Kippenbrock, 2010). Furthermore, males are considered to lack empathy as opposed to their female counterparts who are considered to have varied ways of expressing their feelings thereby easily getting in touch with their patients more easily. In actual sense, there exists documentation that men played the roles of nurses in Egypt dating back to 250 B.C.E; Nightingale professionalizing nursing is what has created the existing dispersed discrepancy where it is mostly defined as a woman profession while on the other hand being greatly marginalized to men. The existence of a marginalized profession has thus pus hed our education system where a majority of those allowed to enroll into school are female and even if a man gets to successfully finish his nursing education, it is a daunting task for them to practice comfortably in the nursing profession simply because of their gender makes them to be discriminated against. On a broader perspective, even if a man successfully gets to be enrolled into a satisfying nursing profession there still exists numerous prohibitions that inhibit their career progress simply because they are channeled into departments that do not help them grow personally. Take for instance the case of the Canadian Forces or rather the avert United States Army which up until 1967 did not give authority for men to sign up into their systems for nursing. Irrespective of the fact that there was constant development in the nursing profession allowing men to practice, legally by 1970 male nurses were still being barred from making rotations in some sections of hospitals. Analysis of literature related to nursing demonstrates that only a minimal number of men practice nursing, a trend that is fuelled by the larger prospect of women and men nursing registries being separated from each other thus closing out some nursing privileges like further education to the male nurses who have the will power to grow in the profession just like their female counterparts. Patients are also not to be left out in the historical description of the nursing profession as being inclined towards the men; most patients have always considered their nurses to being female, a survey c arried out by Bernard Nodes Group demonstrates that a majority of patients irrespective of their age and gender preferred to be attended to by female nurses as opposed to the males whom they found really awkward offering care services to them. Pros and Con of Men Practicing as Nurses Reflections on the introduction and the historical background of male nursing, it is evident that this is a profession muddled with great gender-related discrimination that is inclined to have a feminist touch. With the aforementioned details in mind and after scouring through various peer reviewed articles on male nursing, it was deductible that the cons outweigh the cons when it comes to men taking the turn of choosing nursing as a preferable profession for them. Important to note above all is the fact that when pushed by personal will to go after something, one is usually self-driven into attaining their set goals irrespective of what the general public thinks of their choice; similarly as a man when one is willing to pursue nursing as a career, nothing stops them. Firstly, the nursing profession though gradually evolving has always been guided by the traditional Victorian family ideology where the role of men is to be ‘doctors’ considered as heads of organizations, t he women taking up a latter role of being the handmaiden which is in most cases defined as the nursing role and finally the patient role is played by children who need to be taken care of by doctors and handmaidens. It thus became a tradition that the role of being a nurse was strictly meant for women which in the long run has pushed men away from enrolling into nursing schools. Irrespective of the fact that this model is no longer practiced in the nursing profession, a great deal of nurses is guided by its tenets as evident by the dominance of women in this profession. The fact that there exists extensive barriers in the way of men enrolling into the nursing profession; men usually exhibit varied difficulties before they turn out as clinical nursing professionals. Society’s perception of nursing as a female profession exerts extreme pressure on men who sign up to be nurses; they are expected to perform way better in comparison to their female counterparts. Another issue that is a disadvantage for males enrolling for nursing from an educational setting to a hospital setting, males is generally outnumbered. To an extent it pushes them to a higher level of scrutiny and the education curriculum is inclined to only suit female students. The fact that they are male also in many circumstances dictates that they be given heavy tasks, in other situations, they could also miss out on educational opportunities like scholarships for nurses which in many circumstances are usually meant for female students. Though it is rarely experienced, male nurses are often ridiculed on the basis of their gender and it is an issue that keeps many from pursuing a nursing career; men are scared of being ridiculed for signing up for a female dominated profession. The general public looks down upon men who are nurses which in the long run push the men nurses to be stigmatized and perform their duties with extreme anxiety and in some cases it becomes stressful for them. On the offset, a flip on the other side of the coin demonstrates that men who turn to nursing as their preferred profession have an upper hand when handling medical cases. Patients prefer being handled by a male nurse as they consider they are confident in handling critical situations in which the female counterparts in some instances cannot be handle comfortably (Thetis Roberts, 2008). Men enrolling in nursing school also demonstrate a drive by men to help curb the nationwide shortage of nurses which with regards to World Health Organization data that suggests there has been a drop in nurses between the year 2000 and 2001 (Burth, 2005). Men filling up the deteriorating gap are ideal way which is not only beneficial to governments but also has great salary packages that a great deal of people are willing and greatly looking forward to earning such paychecks. The misguided notion that nursing is meant for women should not deter any male from pursuing their dream of being professional nurses; it should be a stepping stone towards the path of offering care services to the medically ill and needy so that the basic prospect of nursing is attained and generally achieved in the long run. Provision of intimate care for male patients has always been a problem for female nurses, men enrolling as nurses helps cater for such an issue in the medical industry. Personal Statement on Male Nursing Making the decision of becoming a male nurse comes with a great deal of responsibility and the need to be prepared for varied proponents considering that it is a female dominated field. In actual sense, gender is not in any way beneficial to anybody with regards to turn towards offering medical services to patients. Furthermore, women in a working environment tend to be more open to their male counterparts as opposed to their fellow women thereby creating a conducive environment for working where all and sundry can share their experiences thus establishing a working environment where nurses have a broader sense of belonging. With the extensive strides being made in nursing that is aimed to changing the public’s perception of nursing as a female profession, more and more men are continuously turning to be great nurses though in minimal numbers but the change is eminent. Although the nursing fraternity has opened its arms wide open for men, some aspect of the nursing profession are still hostile to male nurses; take an example of a situation involving a mother-baby rotation, the patient in this case-a woman will not be willing for a male nurse attend she will strongly prefer that all her care needs be handled by a female nurse. That aside, the general population of patients has received male nurses attending to them with a warm heart though in the beginning the reception of being attended to by a male nurse is usually a surprised one but later they get warmed up to the general idea. The most important thing when dealing with discrimination against male nurses is attending to the foundational problem of men not being willing enough to sign up for , finding ways of changing this perception by the men themselves is the first step towards transitioning nursing from a female dominated field to one which is accommodative to people of both sexes. Impact of Male Nursing on the Nursing Profession Men play an instrumental role in service provision in the nursing environment with a unique combination of skill set, a fact that has prompted the need for governments to turn into a rigorous exercise of recruiting and accepting men into the nursing profession which retrospectively caters for the problem of a deteriorating workforce. Men turning to nursing as a profession of choice, is good news for the looming nursing scarcity which has been experienced lately; men joining the equation is the most ideal and probable way by which this shortage can be catered for. Demographics relating to nurse numbers have been changing over the years with the acceptance of more men towards the profession: in the late 20th Century male nurse numbers was estimated at around 45,060 but by spin of over two decades down the line the number of male nurses has gradually developed to levels of 568,185 male nurses in the United States (Barkley, 2010). Great steps are being made by nursing organizations that have pushed for recruitment initiatives mainly targeted towards pushing more men to enroll into nursing schools and now currently scholarships targeted to male students are being offered. Consequently, personal appeals are being made to students in an effort to turn their misperception as a career meant only for women. Important in the whole transitioning process from a female dominated profession to a multifaceted one is the fact that the healthcare industry is offering comparatively high wages for nurses coupled up with the ideal of stable employment opportunities. References Barkley, K. (2010). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration . Retrieved 2015 13-January from The Registered Nurse Population: Initial Findings from the 2008 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses: ,http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/rnsurveys/rnsurveyinitial2008.pdf. Burth, A. (2005). Gender bias and discrimination in nursing education. Can we change it? Nurse Educator , 64-65. Kippenbrock, S. (2010). School of nursing variables related to male student college choice. Journal of Nursing Education , 118-121. Paterson, T., Saydack, C. (1996). Learning to care: Gender issues for male nursing students. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research , 25-39. Thetis, M. G., Roberts, J. I. (2008). Nursing, Physician Control and Monopoly. Indianapolis: Indiana Univeristy Press.