The Environmental Tragedy of Coastal Erosion Essay -- Environment Ecol

The Environmental Tragedy of Coastal Erosion A rattling high percentage of the American population resides at or near one of the coasts. Preserving beaches is a very costly endeavor and there have been numerous debates over which way this country should go about doing so. On the east coast the current strategy is, beach nourishment programs, whereby sand is taken from on tap(predicate) sources and put back onto the eroded beach (Michaels, 01). In 1999 the United States government spent about $150 million on beach nourishment programs, demesne and local governments along with those who own their own beach property spend even more on such projects (Michaels, 01). Recently, however, the amount reserved for these projects in the interior(a) budget has been decreasing. The problem with the beach nourishment programs is that they are very short term and too costly, resulting in beaches which are still being eroded and a what seems to many, as a waste of taxpayer dollars . So we have a high demand for beach use and a low willing- ness to supply cash in hand to preserve the same beach. The forces of man and disposition have created a coastal erosion headache for millions of residents in the U.S. As is the case with many environmental problems, nature and man have combined forces to create a coastal erosion problem (Michaels, 01). Development along the coast line has contributed greatly to erosion and has make so in several different ways. Some property owners have totally demolished coastal dunes in an attempt to provide better views of the maritime for the properties they build, and along with that have also completely destroyed natural vegetation in order to construct jetties or other manmade devices to improve ocean advance for the... ...rk, May 24, 1999. Vol. 246, issue 21, pp.55.Issacs, Lindsay. Shoring up the nations coastline. The American City & County. Pittsfield, September 2000. Vol. 115, issue 13, pp.56- 61.Johnson, Dan. Beaches vs. Buildings. The Futurist. Washington, February 2000. Vol.34, issue 1, pp.8-9.Michaels, A. Patricia. Beach Erosion. http//envirionment.about.comRinehart, R. James, Pompe, J. Jeffery. Coastal development, environmental amenities, And market forces An application of economic theory. Southern Business Review. Statesboro, 2001. Vol.26, issue 2, pp.1-5.Ward, Christina. (Staff Writer) Coastal Erosion Could Take 1500 Homes a Year, FEMA Says. 2000. http//www.DisasterRelief.org. pp.1-5.Woodell, Gregory. Press Statement 2002. http//www.calcoast.org.

British Settlement in American Continent and Regionalism :: Geography History Historic Essays

British Settlement in American Continent and RegionalismDescribe how settlement patterns set-up the regionalisms of the United States.Throughout history, people from cultures somewhat the world have get on with to America seeking a new life or a change from their current conditions. They may have come to avoid persecution, to avoid all overpopulation, or to attempt to be successful in an entirely new world from the life they formerly knew. As the immigrants arrived, some ready that their dreams had been attained. Conversely, some found that the New World was not as fantastic as they were led to believe.In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, an influx of British citizens arrived on the shores of America. The arriving British population came from a particular area of Europe, but there was distinct individuality within the group. The diverse British immigrant population would be the rootage of many groups to add cultural variety to the United States population, for which Amer ica continues to be known today. After reading Albions Seed by David Hackett Fischer, it is apparent that the four major(ip) British groups arriving from 1620 to 1776 and their patterns of settlement would shape the development of American regionalisms known throughout the country.Four major British groups immigrated to America within a span of little than two hundred years. Although they all migrated from the British Isles, each had a distinct set of standards and a very set culture carried from the other side of the Atlantic. not only were the people of early America diverse, so were the motives for which they migrated to the New World.The Puritans arrived from 1629 to 1641. This group was a culture devoted to the Bible and following its every word. Because of their extreme beliefs, they had been persecuted in England. Their goal in America was to create a Promised Land based on their beliefs. They moved from the eastern sections of Britain known as East Anglia and settled in New England, primarily in Massachusetts.The Puritans influence shaped the New England image to how it is known today. For example, the pattern of settlement of small towns in the New England region was carried over from those of eastern England. These towns were centralized along a main road, with a few farms or homes outside of the village. Even today, this type of town is well known throughout Massachusetts and the other New England states. Another example of well-known New England characteristics concerns their food preference.

The Black Cat: A Comparison Between The Movie And The Book :: essays research papers

The Black guy rope A Comparison Between The Movie and The Book in that lo kation are major differences between the film we saw in class and TheBlack Cat by Edgar Allen Poe. The film had added effects to get the viewersattention. The film in addition let out important parts that were in the unmindful story.The short story gave the reader a better background for character analysis.Although the story was practicallytimes more enticing because the reader knew the maincharacter better.In the short story the man(abusive husband) is described as a loving andcaring husband, who is very sensitive of animals. He describes to the reader how hisobsession with alcohol is like a disease. He gets more irritable everydaybecause his cravings for alcohol become greater and greater. He was oftenphysically abusive to his wife. One nighttime the man came mob very drunk andviolent so Pluto(the black cat) scratched him out of fear. then the man garbled histemper and cut out the cats heart with h is penknife. One cockcrow the man hangedthe cat from a tree limb with a noose around its neck. That night his houseburnt to the ground. In the morning he tack a petrified white cat with a ropearound its neck in the charred remains. A few days later the man saw a blackcat with a white chest and he liked it so untold he let the cat follow him home.The cat do itself at home but the man avoided it because of a sense of shamefor his former deed. The contiguous day the man noticed that the cat was missing aneye just as Pluto. His wife pointed out that the white spot on its chestresembled the Gallows The cat made the man trip in his basement maven day. Sohe picked up an ax to kill the cat, and his wife stepped in the way and he putthe ax through her brains. The man decided to pelt the body and the cat behinda bricked up wall in the basement. The police came and looked at everything.Just before they left, they heard a noise from the basement wall. So they torethe bricks down. Thus th ey discovered the body and the black cat.The film hints that the man was at once a loving and caring husband. Thewife told her husband he was not the same man she married. The film shows howthe alcohol made the man abuse his wife for more drinking money. There is noThe Black Cat A Comparison Between The Movie And The Book essays research papers The Black Cat A Comparison Between The Movie and The BookThere are major differences between the film we saw in class and TheBlack Cat by Edgar Allen Poe. The film had added effects to get the viewersattention. The film also let out important parts that were in the short story.The short story gave the reader a better background for character analysis.Although the story was much more enticing because the reader knew the maincharacter better.In the short story the man(abusive husband) is described as a loving andcaring husband, who is very fond of animals. He describes to the reader how hisobsession with alcohol is like a disease. He gets m ore irritable everydaybecause his cravings for alcohol become greater and greater. He was oftenphysically abusive to his wife. One night the man came home very drunk andviolent so Pluto(the black cat) scratched him out of fear. then the man lost histemper and cut out the cats eye with his penknife. One morning the man hangedthe cat from a tree limb with a noose around its neck. That night his houseburnt to the ground. In the morning he found a petrified white cat with a ropearound its neck in the charred remains. A few days later the man saw a blackcat with a white chest and he liked it so much he let the cat follow him home.The cat made itself at home but the man avoided it because of a sense of shamefor his former deed. The next day the man noticed that the cat was missing aneye just as Pluto. His wife pointed out that the white spot on its chestresembled the Gallows The cat made the man trip in his basement one day. Sohe picked up an ax to kill the cat, and his wife stepped in th e way and he putthe ax through her brains. The man decided to hide the body and the cat behinda bricked up wall in the basement. The police came and looked at everything.Just before they left, they heard a noise from the basement wall. So they torethe bricks down. Thus they discovered the body and the black cat.The film hints that the man was once a loving and caring husband. Thewife told her husband he was not the same man she married. The film shows howthe alcohol made the man abuse his wife for more drinking money. There is no

Parental Involvement Benefits Elementary School Childrens Essay

Parental Involvement Benefits Elementary School Childrens Parental interlocking has many positive effects on both electric razor and parent. several(prenominal) of the benefits of maternal(p) involvement for children are a significantly increased cognitive development, an improvement in the childs motivation, a stronger parent-child relationship and, of course, increased academic achievement. Some of the benefits parental involvement has on parents are gaining a more positive attitude ab come on themselves and their parenting skills, increased self-confidence and an increased satisfaction about their childs naturalize and faculty at the school (Becher, 2001). There are many benefits to parents involvement in their elementary school childs life, but, by chance the most important benefit is in helping the childs academic achievement. First of all, why the recent interest in parent involvement? Many might give credit to Section 1118 of the No Child Left shadow Act of 2001. This section of No Child Left Behind requires any school district in the United States that receives Title I, Part A funds to execute programs, activities, and events that enable parents to get involved. Title I forces school districts to make a strong effort to communicate with and get feedback from parents who want to be involved in the programs, activities and events directed towards parent involvement. The districts are required to proffer equal involvement opportunities for all parents, including those who speak limited English, are disabled, and parents of migratory children. Every school district is required to develop together, agree on with and hand to parents the districts plan on parent involvement programs (No Child Left Behind, 2002).... ... Power. New York Hyperion.This is a book I came across at the Towson universe library. Kirshbaum starts off with a chapter full of various studies that have been done that prove how beneficial parent in volvement is. The book is then broken down into quaternity sections of ninety different ways parents can get involved in their childs life and have their child get the most out of their education. Peterson, D. (1989). Parent involvement in the education process. ERIC Digest EA 43. Retrieved April 3, 2003, from http//www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed312776.htmlThis article briefly discusses why parent involvement is so important. Peterson then discusses how parent involvement is in particular beneficial for at-risk children. Peterson also mentions how parents can get involved and how parent-involvement programs can be implemented on a district wide basis.

The Man Who Is Endowed with Magic Essays -- Biography, Walt, Walt Disn

You wont find anyone who can really explain the magic of Walt, said Peter Ellenshawa Disney artist. People see him either in black or white, but he was an extraordinary mixture. He was a common man who was endowed with a touch of magic (Greene 6). This magic lead Walt on one of the most extraordinary adventures anyone could ever wish to live.Walt grew up traveling from place to place as his father, Elias, worked day and night to make sure as shooting his family was fed and comfortable. Elias worked Walts two other brothers such ferocity that they ran away with the money they had been saving. Without the two brothers, Walts fathers dream of the farm smell shattered. Soon after, Elias caught typhoid fever and became unable to work on his farm again, so they moved. The move took a toll on Walt. His father had him waking up at 330 am to deliver papers, a two-hour task. After delivering, he went to school. Then, he delivered papers for two more hours. Delivering the papers af fected Walts school performance he was yet again held back in the second grade, which made him almost two years older than his classmates. This action office have caused a rebellious action from most children but not Walt. His mothers loving touch kept him in high spirits. As Greene said in The Man Behinf The Magic The Story of Walt Disney, If Walt was endowed with a touch of magic, his mother was the person who wielded the magicians wand (15). This magic and pertinacity would play key roles in Walts life.Walt Disney had interests in many areas. One knack he had was recreating cartoons. One classmate recalled, He wouldnt just feign what was in the newspaper, either, rather he would add his own features with the original as the templat... ...rporation went onto produce Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, and Pinocchio to name a few. Although Disneys interest strength have faltered, his inwardness never did. His love for his employees drove him to contract almost bankrupt. His love for his family led him to be one of the greatest fathers. One of his daughters, Sharon, stated, we werent embossed with the idea that this was a great man. He was Daddy. He went to work every morning. He came home every night (Greene 77). His love for his work led him to become one of the best animators of all not, if not arguably the best. As his best friend, Walter Pfeiffer, said, Walt was enthused about everything. He was one hundred percent interested in everything he did whether it be his home life or his work. Truly, his magic inspired each animator to have the save magic even after some of his heart left the company.

The Man Who Is Endowed with Magic Essays -- Biography, Walt, Walt Disn

You wont find anyone who can really explain the magic of Walt, said Peter Ellenshawa Disney artist. People see him either in black or white, but he was an extraordinary mixture. He was a common man who was endowed with a touch of magic (Greene 6). This magic direct Walt on one of the most extraordinary adventures anyone could ever wish to live.Walt grew up traveling from place to place as his father, Elias, worked day and night to make genuine his family was fed and comfortable. Elias worked Walts two other brothers such ferocity that they ran away with the money they had been saving. Without the two brothers, Walts fathers dream of the farm conduct shattered. Soon after, Elias caught typhoid fever and became unable to work on his farm again, so they moved. The move took a toll on Walt. His father had him waking up at 330 am to deliver papers, a two-hour task. After delivering, he went to school. Then, he delivered papers for two more hours. Delivering the papers affecte d Walts school performance he was yet again held back in the second grade, which made him almost two years older than his classmates. This action readiness have caused a rebellious action from most children but not Walt. His mothers loving touch kept him in high spirits. As Greene said in The Man Behinf The Magic The Story of Walt Disney, If Walt was endowed with a touch of magic, his mother was the person who wielded the magicians wand (15). This magic and effort would play key roles in Walts life.Walt Disney had interests in many areas. One knack he had was recreating cartoons. One classmate recalled, He wouldnt just counterpart what was in the newspaper, either, rather he would add his own features with the original as the templat... ...rporation went onto produce Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, and Pinocchio to name a few. Although Disneys interest index have faltered, his stub never did. His love for his employees drove him to reverse almost bankrupt. His love f or his family led him to be one of the greatest fathers. One of his daughters, Sharon, stated, we werent raised(a) with the idea that this was a great man. He was Daddy. He went to work every morning. He came home every night (Greene 77). His love for his work led him to become one of the best animators of all not, if not arguably the best. As his best friend, Walter Pfeiffer, said, Walt was enthused about everything. He was one hundred percent interested in everything he did whether it be his home life or his work. Truly, his magic inspired each animator to have the save magic even after some of his heart left the company.

History of West Point Essay

In 1778 George Washington, for whom westernmost Point was always a crucial strategic position in the unite States, appointed Kosciuszko as a chief designer of its first fundamental fortifications to which he moved his headquarters the following year. In 1802, President Jefferson officially capable the coupled States Military honorary society at west Point. Under the superintendence of Colonel Thayer (1817-1833) who was also called the father of the Military Academy, higher academic standards were set and a great emphasis was put on military discipline and code of conduct.Civil engineering became the fundamental subject on the curriculum at tungsten Point and for many years its graduates were the nations major constructors of the first bridges, roads, railway lines, etc in the USA (A brief History of the Academy). During the American Civil fight, both(prenominal) warring sides, the South and the North, were headed mainly by west Pointers, such as Grant, Sherman, Jackson, Lee , Sheridan, and other(a)s. West Point graduates also distinguished themselves in Europe during World War I.After the war, the academic curriculum at West Point was gradually diversified and enormous efforts were made to improve various physical fitness programs (A Brief History of the Academy). Among the most prominent West Pointers that distinguished themselves in World War II were military leaders such as Eisenhower, Bradley, MacArthur, Wainwright, Patton, Clark, Stilwell, and others. In the postwar period, the curriculum at West Point was broadened again and included science and technology. In 1964, the Corps of plebes was increased from 2,529 to 4,417 resulting in the appearance of new facilities.The enrollment of women at West Point began in 1976 and each class now has approximately fifteen percent of female cadets. At present, the West Point Military Academy comprises over 4,000 cadets and every year it graduates over 900 officers (A Brief History of the Academy). Page 2 Co de of conduct at West Point At West Point every cadet adheres to an ethical code of conduct called the Cadet repay Code whose golden rule states A cadet will non lie, cheat, or steal, or tolerate those who do.The Honor Code is a vital and important tradition that was initially formalized in 1922 by super MacArthur who also established the Cadet Honor Committee. The last part of the golden rule, however, was not included in its original version. In 1970, the code of conduct was revise resulting in the introduction of the non-toleration clause (Jones). The Cadet Honor Code in its present form has no boundaries and sets high standards of ethical behavior not precisely when cadets are at West Point, but also when they are at home or with friends.Living by the code means that cadets must give for clean-living and ethical perfection and must never lie, cheat, steal, nor can they tolerate lying, cheating, or stealing by others. Cadets must be truthful, fair, and respect the rights an d property of other people, and also assume responsibility for their actions. These principles constitute the Spirit of the Code whose goal is the development of leaders of characters. These high standards distinguish the Military Academy at West Point as well as its graduates from any other institution and students.For Cadets, they are fundamental principles of feel, not just prohibitions (Jones). At the Academy, there is a elected system of responding to any violation of the Cadet Honor Code. West Pointers are responsible for running the Honor System, convening Honor Investigations and Hearings of particular cases. The Cadet Honor Board consisting of six members gathers and evaluates the evidence to decide whether a Cadet is blameworthy of violation of the Honor Code. In case a cadet is found guilty of violation of any aspect of the code, Board members inform the Superintendent of his status who then decides what will happen to that cadet.In most cases, dismissal is the standar d verdict but the cadet may also be given another chance to live honorably in the future (Jones). Page 3 Cadet life and religion at West Point A cadets life at West Point is very busy. A cadets daily schedule includes classes, study, physical education, athletics, military duties, and over hundred extracurricular activities coordinated by the Cadet Activities Office. Many instructors and officers reside at West Point and provide additional help and instruction to the cadets who need it, and also guide many extracurricular activities in which cadets are involved in their stop time.These activities include language, aeronautics, astronautics, computer, engineering, athletic, and many other clubs (The West Point Experience). Sports play a very important role in the life of West Pointers developing self-confidence, competitiveness, and willpower in cadets. The Academys intercollegiate program includes twenty-four sports. In addition, cadets also publish publications such as Howitzer, The Pointer, or bugle Notes run the WKDT radio station and write, produce, and perform plays and music.Extracurricular activities at West Point are viewed as an important aspect of a college community life (The West Point Experience). Religion is another important aspect of community life at West Point. The religious ministry comprising all major faith groups is provided not only for the Corps of Cadets, but also for the West Point staff. While performing the ministry, chaplains in religious communities are often assisted by councils consisting of cadets (Nonstandard Activities of the get together States Military Academy). West Point cadets have the opportunity to attend chapel services and practice various religious observances.Cadets can join and regularly go in in chapel choirs, ceremonial rites, discussion groups, Sunday religious school classes run by various religious affiliations whose mission is to contribute to the spiritual and moral development of the West Point commu nity (The West Point Experience).REFERENCES 1. A Brief History of the Academy. Retrieved May 6, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. usma. edu/history. asp 2. Jones, D. United States Military Academys Honor Code and System. Retrieved May 6, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. usma. edu/Cpme/HS_Outreach/HS_Outreach. htm

Evaluation for Firebirds Wood Fired Grill Essay

Eating out is a treat for me. I occasionally call up any(prenominal) family and/or friends and treat myself to a nice dinner. There are many eating places in my hometown of Charlotte, North Carolina to choose from, but there is one in token where I love to spend my hard earned money. Firebirds Wood Fired Grill located at Northlake Mall Dr. has become my new favorite position to dine for dinner on the weekends. Firebirds have the three qualities I look for when I visit a restaurant for the first time with child(p) ambiance, clarified service and good food.The atmosphere of a restaurant sets the mood for any dining experience. Owner Dennis Thompson created a well-de fined gap between casual and fine dining. The aura of Firebirds is meant to imitate that of a ski lodge in Aspen.Warm lighting, complimented by fire colored chandeliers, gives this restaurant a nice tone for an zesty conversation with your signifi mountaint other or some good laughs with some friends or family. Fireb irds, also has a separate lounge area for those who just essential to go straight to happy hour after work. I call this area, the kick back and let your hair down section. The beautiful play off fireplace, the wall of 500 bottles of wine, and the beautiful bold color seating sets the mood for a great evening out with coworkers after work or a place to have a drink and appetizer after shopping in the mall. Valet, Hostesses and Servers are all apart of Firebirds seamless service. The Valet does a great job with promptly parking and retrieving my car. Hostesses are always in place as you walk in so that you wont have that abstruse look wondering if you seat yourself or wait for assistance. The servers are very professional and polite.They are able to answer questions about menu items while time lag patiently for you to complete your order. I love the fact that they are prompt with getting your appetizers out to you well before my entre. They were also attentive to refilling my fie ld glass when it was getting low. Entres are prepared nicely and parryed to your liking. If youre not satisfied the servers have no problem with taking it back immediately for correction. The cook and the manager come to your table and make sure your meal is superb.Based on the name, one might assume that Firebirds is a steakhouse concept, but steaks are provided half of the menu.Firebirds menu have a good level of diversity. You can get anything from a big juicy burger to a lobster dinner. This upscale restaurant can be a little pricey compared to other bar and grill places, but its worth it. To start, I love to get the lobster queso dip and chips and their famous onion rings for my appetizers. Firebirds steaks are pretty good, but I prefer the salmon with light seasoning. My most favorite meal at Firebirds is a salad, yes a salad.The Strawberry and Shrimp salad is simply delicious, besides the obvious it has spiced pecans, goat cheese crumbs and jicama tossed in a homemade vina igrette dressing. This salad packs a lot of flavor and is quite an fulfilling. I may call up my girls on Friday and pay Firebirds a visit.Every dining experience Ive had with Firebirds has been persistent. The complimentary valet parking is greatly appreciated especially since the restaurant is connected to North Lake Mall. The atmosphere in Firebirds is inviting, the service is great and the food is delicious. What more do you need in a restaurant? Perhaps live entertainment on Friday evenings wouldnt be such a bad idea though.

Review of related literature and studies Essay

This chapter represents the review on related literature and studies regarding topic about the Perception of the people of Polomolok towards Notre dame-Siena College of Polomolok Bachelor of humanistic discipline Major in position Basis for Effective Advertising Strategies. Bachelor of Arts major in English (AB English) is a four year bachelors degree degree program designed to provide a strong background in the study of English. Its goal is to help develop students analytical and creative powers with point respect to the basic acts of communication, critical thought, responsible speech and competent, insightful language and communication skills. orThe program stresses literally analysis, diversity, critical thinking and written and oral exam communication skills through a rigorous curriculum of literature, composition, language and linguistic and communication studies. It is an excellent preparation for careers in teaching, media, advertising writing and publishing for grad or p rofessional studies in English, communication or law and for the advancement in any field where communication skills are important. orAB English program in Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok was started, School Year 2008-2009. At present the population of AB English was increased since 2008 until now. However if we compare the trends of the population of the arts and sciences bachelors degree degree program of the other competitive school much(prenominal) as Notre Dame of Dadiangas University, Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges, and Holy Trinity College, have a big differences in terms of population. Thats why we conduct this study to determine the perception of the senior high school students of Barangay Poblacion, Polomolok , South Cotbato.Related belles-lettresForeign LiteratureBased on an article from an Internet website entitle Choosing neighborly Networking Sites Carefully from an anonymous writer. It foc pulmonary tuberculosiss on how to choose the right networking websi tes. Everyone knows how big social networking is for assembly line owners these days. Social networking was originally intended to pose it easier to maintain personal relationships, but businesses have made social networking a priority as well. Businesses of all sizes have interpreted part in social networking to promote their business in ways that they could never have dreamed of fifteen age ago. In order to make the most of social networking, businesses must learn to manage their social networking resources carefully. It requires an investment of time and sometimes money just like anything else. In recent years more emphasis has been placed on business networking through Facebook. Nevertheless, it is not as effective for professional networking as sites like LinkedIn, and Twitter is just as good a platform for many viral marketing programs.These sites still can be worth joining even for users who arent interested in paying for premium memberships. However, if they have a hard t ime finding and connecting with other users with the free plan, they should be careful before they invest a square amount of time and energy using them. Businesses especially need to be concerned about the number of paid business networking sites that are almost whole inactive. They exist only to continue scraping membership fees, mostly from new clients who dont know what (or how little) they are actually getting from the services. The best hold of thumb is to focus on either the most popular networking sites or those that are most specifically targeted to a niche audience. New businesses must invariably honour in mind that benefits from social networking only come with hard work. They must approach social networking just like any other business strategy and look for the best return on their investment.Local LiteratureBenjamin Jr. (2003) suggested some tips in creating good design. Such as a) proceed it simple, b) keep everything organized and coherent, c) keep it fresh, d) k eep it browser neutral, e) make sure that the pages look more or less the same which browser is used, and also f) keep that there are people whouse older version of the browsers.Leona Tomlinson emphasized accessibility to improve the browsing experience of website visitors. However, at present accessibility Statements in general seem to add little value in assisting website visitors. They are often difficult to find and contain complex language and technical vernacular that can be bewildering.Related StudiesForeign StudiesThe Advanced Networking group at Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center conducts research on network performance and analysis in stick up of high-performance computing applications. They also develop software to support heterogeneous distributed supercomputing applications and to implement high-speed interfaces to archival and mass storage systems. Their researchers focus on such areas as TCP implementations, tools to tune TCP for better performance and software to mon itor and improve network performance. In addition to their own research, PSC networking experts participate in national networking research efforts such as Web100 and Net100.Local studiesThe study of Cocadiz entitled Customized Cordian Networking focused on providing better communication between the school and alumni and their fellow classmates and group mates. The system features a data base that has the records of all the student and alumni of Sacred Heart College throughout the years. It has an accessible connectivity to online database where it can search alumni and batch mates on the proposed study.SynthesisMost of the foreign and local literatures have the same concept as Game Shield. A social networking site that is very easy to use will attract moreusers. Both have features of accessibility to connect gamers with each other. By the help of this studies the researchers have gathered information more good because the informations from this studies have help us compare and an alyze the logics and the situations based on the needs of the respondents.

Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay

Human Rights Consequential or Deontological View? Consequential ethics and deontological ethics (DE) mutually maintain that in that location is a near guession that we examplely ought to do. However, these normative ethical theories differ in the derivation of what is valued. In the case of military man rights, both accounts are accessary of gracious rights, but for different reasons. Deontological ethics has as its basic thrust, the concept of a job to do what is right. For matchlesss conductions to be in ossification with DE, those actions must be realised out of a notion of right (that) is not derived from a prior notion of good, as explained by Illies (Illies, 2011, p. 107). A person should postulate to perform an act solely because it is the right thing to do, irrespective of the acts outcome or the consequences thereof. According to Illies transc sackental argument, gentlemans gentleman macrocosms have, by their nature, the inherent ability to distinguish between , the concepts of good and bad.Humans possess the capability to have an active pro-attitude toward good, as well as the freedom to act toward the same (Illies, 2011, p. 108-109). This translates to the concept of object lesson freedom in that the ability to perform free action toward this good specifically is simply, and unarguably, inherently good. Because of this fact, nonpareil should purpose, as it is ones duty, to promote the moral freedom of another unequivocally, regardless of whose moral freedom one is promoting or as importantly, from a DE viewpoint, what the pull downting potential outcome might be. Illies does stress that it is imperative to obtain as much information as possible surrounding the facts as to why a certain peoples rights are being suppressed, in order to promote those rights in the most lasting and efficient manner (Illies, 2011, p. 114).When one examines world rights, the concept of personhood is of paramount importance. DE calls for the treatment of others as an end and not as a means. This requires the respect of persons for whom they are as item-by-items and never as conduits through which one might accomplish a goal or achieve a benefit on their own behalf. In this light, one who holds to the DE concept of human rights has at his imperative the treatment of all individuals with equal respect, and the duty to promote their freedom with an active pro-attitude. Why does one do this? One does because this action, an active pro-attitude is good and the action of good is inherently good. As opposed to the deontological account, the consequentialist believes in the prior conception of the good.If something is good then it is right to promote something good according to consequentialism (Lillehammer, 2011, p. 90). Moreover, the actions with the best end results or consequences are what are to be evaluated as good. It must be clear that good intentions are not, at all, of value to consequentialists. Further, it is important to note that in decision-making, a consequentialist must hold to the demands of impartiality. Consequentialism upholds the idea that no one person is worth more than another (Lillehammer, 2011, p. 90). As we read in Famine, Affluence and Morality, Singer asserts that suffering from lack of food, shelter and medical aid are bad. If we accept this assumption, and if we can, by our actions, prevent this bad from occurring, we are morally obligated to do so unless in so doing we sacrifice something that is of comparable moral importance (Singer, 1972, p. 500).Not all consequentialists agree with giving to Singers suggested level of marginal utility but there is basis for supporting human rights in consequentialism. According to consequentialists, human rights should be promoted because the rightness of supporting those rights is what is best for the world. It is clear that suffering is bad, and if we can alleviate suffering by supporting human rights then we clearly should promote them. If th e consequence of the action is resultant from an actor who is promulgating the purist sense of consequentialism, it very well has the potential to be counter to his own individual interest. For the consequentialist, the overall consequence of an action is of primary importance. Consequentialists view impartial importance so the good of everyone should count for everyone, no matter their identity, location, or personal and sociable attachments, now or hereafter (Lillehammer, 2011, p. 92).This view supports the notion that the human rights of those who are far away are just as deserving, and just as valid, as the rights of those who are near. Furthermore, the universe will be better off by the rightness of supporting human rights. Maximizing the good is required from the consequentialist perspective. As famous earlier, consequentialist and deontological accounts differ from one another from their foundations. While consequentialists focus on the good being promoted only as in relatio nship to its overall effect on humanity as a whole, deontologists view principles affecting individuals actions. Rules guide the deontological approach and the best consequence for most people is the consequential concern. For example, a consequentialist would look at the issue of child labor differently from the deontologist.The consequentialist would evaluate the overall outcome of allowing young children to be employed in a factory full-time, with little pay. In a poverty-stricken country, these children may bring home much needed monies in order for their families to survive. The deontologist would view child labor as unethical in that children working long hours for little pay is unarguably wrong. Another illustration of their differing views is that of the U. S. drone attacks in Pakistan that killed innocent civilians. The consequentialist would say that sending those drones to kill an Al-Qaeda loss leader is the best outcome to thwart the attack of US citizens. The deontolog ist would say that the killing of innocent civilians is never justified as this violates their individual human rights. In the earth of human rights, the problem with adopting a consequentialist approach is that one cannot truly determine what is to be the proper or preferred result of a specific act on a group of peoples even though, with all good intentions, it may be supposed.Although a good and moral outcome may be realized from an action, to base that action solely on the intended consequence of that action, rather than the inherent goodness of the action, one does not insure that the action will result in result in, truly, what is best. Moreover, when the best possible outcome is the preferred result then individuals rights can be violated. The deontological account offers worldwide moral support of (individual) human rights. That is what human rights require. As asserted by Robert Paul Churchill, The grounds for human rights remain the same as long as human beings, or moral person exist. The inherent worth of humans does not cease to justify certain forms of respect due to them, and thus human rights do not cease, even when addresses are genuinely unable to fulfill correlative obligations and therefore have legitimate excuses (Churchill, 2011, p. 12).Choosing an action because it is right and good, without looking downstream at the resultant consequences of that action, allows one to make decisions on the duty to act based on purely the rightness and goodness of that act, and nothing more. Now, this assumes that those making these decisions possess the proper moral circumnavigate to know a right act from a wrong one. In support of the deontological approach, I maintain that one will get it right when they choose an action because the action is right, more so, than when they try to determine what the consequence might be from that action and work backwards in order to make the right decision.ReferencesChurchill, R. P. (2011). Global human rights. In M. Boylan (Ed.), The Morality and Global arbitrator Reader (7-25). Boulder, CO Westview Press. Illies, C. (2011). How to think about global duties. In M. Boylan (Ed.), The Morality and Global Justice Reader (103-126). Boulder, CO Westview Press. Lillehammer, H. (2011). Consequentialism and global ethics. In M. Boylan (Ed.), The Morality and Global Justice Reader (89-102). Boulder, CO Westview Press. Singer, P. (1972). Famine, affluence, and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1(1), 229-243.

Alkaloids Case Study Essay

Alkaloids argon the around diverse assort of secondmentary metabolites and over 5000 compounds ar cognise. They argon most commonly encountered in the plant kingdom, barely representatives have been isolated from most former(a) orders of organisms ranging from fungi to mammals. For years, there has been interest in their pharmacological activities, and for a long time selected plant products (containing alkaloids) have been used as poisons for hunting, murder, euthanasia, a euphoriants, psychedelics, and stimulants (e.g. morphine and cocaine) or as medicines (e.g. ephedrine). Many of our modern drugs now contain the aforementioned(prenominal) compound or synthetical analogues, and the pharmacological and toxicological properties of these compounds argon thus of immense interest and importance.Almost two centuries have elapsed since Serturner isolated the starting line innate base clearly recognised as such, a cryst all in alline substance that he obtained from the opium p oppy, Papaver somniferum, and called morphine. The name alkaloid is applied to the members of a social class of vivid products of basic nature, and is derived from the name vegetable alkali primary applied to these substances. They all owe their basic nature to an amino nitrogen. It is more difficult than at freshman might be supposed to define the term alkaloid. The work was coined in 1818 by Meissner and implies a compound standardized to an alkali, refer mobilize to the basic properties of this class of substance. Meyers Konversations- Lexikon of 1896 states, Alkaloids (plant bases) transcend characteristically in plants and atomic number 18 frequently distinguished by their remarkable physiological activity. They contain carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and in most cases oxygen as well in many cases they resemble the alkalis. Modern dictionary descriptions only differ in minor details from those of the older nontechnical literature.A definition due to Pelletier in 1982 incl udes cyclic nitrogen- containing subatomic particles which are true secondary metabolites (i.e. of limited occurrence and produced by living organisms. honest acyclic derivatives of ammonia and simple amines are thus excluded, and the additional requirement, that the nitrogen atom must have a negative oxidation state, excludes nitro and nitroso compounds.As for other natural products, no uniform transcription of nomenclature has so far been devised for alkaloids. In most cases the name of the alkaloid has been derived from the plant name. Thus, papaverine was called after the Papaver species from which it was isolated. The names cocaine (from Erythoxylum coca) and atropine (from Atropa belladonna) are other examples. Frequently several alkaloids are obtained from the same plant, and the names devised for them will depend on the inspiration of the natural products chemist who isolated them.Alkaloids as a class have interested organic chemists part on account of their physiologica l action on the animal organism, and partly on account of the complex geomorphological and synthetical puzzles that they pose. The chemistry of the alkaloids is but a branch of the wide chemistry of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, but the methods by which the social grammatical constructions of individual bases are deduced from degradative evidence and support by total price reduction are typical of the methods applied for these purposes whole field the chemistry of natural products are illustrative of the general fundamental principles of organic chemistry.Structural typesAlkaloids are usually classified according to the amino acids (or their derivatives) from which they a eject. Thus, the most important classes are derived from the following Amino acids* Ornithine and Lysine* Aromatic amino acid phenylalanine and tyrosine* tryptophane and a moiety of mevalonoid originAlso a number of compounds are in like manner derived from* Anthranilic acid* Nicotinic acidThis classifi cation however, fails to include the alkaloids derived from a polyketide or a terpenoid, with the incorporation of a nitrogen atom, ultimately from ammonia. Examples are Conine and batrachotoxin which are often known as pseudoalkaloids. Other compounds covered by Pelletiers definition excessively exist. Examples are the antibiotic cycloserine, mitomycin C, mushroom toxin muscimol and the purine alkaloids such as caffeine.There is a nonher classification of the alkaloids according to the location of the nitrogen atom in veritable structural features1. Heterocyclic alkaloids2. Alkaloids with exocyclic nitrogen and aliphatic amines3. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine alkaloids4. Peptide alkaloids5. Terpene and steroidal alkaloidsClassifying the whole range of alkaloids according to this system result in them being dividing them up unequally as the great studyity fall into the heterocyclis group and the smallest group is the putrescine, spermidine and spermine alkaloids.OccurrenceO f the more than 5000 alkaloids known, most occur in flowering plants, although the distribution is far from uniform. Thus, although 40% of all plant families have at least one species containing alkaloids, when the 10000 plant genera are considered, only about 9% of these have been shown to produce alkaloids.Increasing rime of alkaloids have been isolated from animals, insects, and microorganisms. Although mammalian alkaloids are rare, two examples are (-)-castoramine (a) from the Canadian beaver and muscopyridine (b) from the musk deer.Both compound have a role in conference as territorial marker substances.Insects produce a variety of structural types which include the 2,6- dialkylpiperidines of the fire ant (c), the tricyclic N-oxides of the ladybird (d) and the quinazolines of the European milliped (e).Tese compounds are used for defence.During the last three decades Marine organisms have been investigated. Amongst the alkaloids are the exceedingly complex Saxitoxin (f) produc ed by a red coloured dinoflagellate. The red tides contain megabucks aggregations of such organisms, and nutrition poisoning when he toxic alkaloids are passed along the food chain to man. The Japanese puffer fish is highly mensurated as a culinary delicacy, but it is hazardous because its liver and ovaries contain the highly toxic tetrodotoxin.Fungi also produce alkaloids, and these too, present potential hazards as food contaminants. The ergot alkaloids, for example, Chanoclavine (g) produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, were a frequent soure of misery and death during the Middle Ages by dint of the contamination of rye bread. Some of these were neurotoxic whilst others caused vasocontriction.During the last 40 years most of these non plant alkaloids have been isolated and their constructions elucidated. The introduction of modern chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques facilitated this.IsolationWork on the constitution of alkaloids is often prefaced by the puzzle of their isolation from plant cloth or from residues after commercially important constituents have been removed. The isolation of each alkaloid is an individual problem there are a variety of procedures which whitethorn be entitled to generic rank. There are few plants which produce a single alkaloid so the main problem is the separation of mixtures.Many alkaloids are basic and occur as salts of 2-hydroxybutane-1, 4-dioic acid (malic acid), or of 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane (quinic acid). They can thus be extracted into acid solution using sedimentary hydrochloric, tartaric, or citric acids. Neutral alkaloids such as colchicines or piperine, which are in fact amides, remain in the organic phase, whilst most other alkaloids are isolated after basification and extraction into ethyl acetate.Steam distillation can be used also be used with low molecular clog alkaloids but almost invariably sudsequent purification of the crude alkaloid mixtures is effected by chromatography using silica or alumina, and then recrystallisation of the partially purified compounds from solvent systems like aqueous ethanol, methanol/chloroform, or methanol/acetone.Structure elucidationClassical eraThe classical era for structural studies on alkaloids was the 19th Century, though this could be extensive to the 1930s (advent of x-ray crystallography) or even to the 1970s (advent of high resolution NMR facilities and modern methods of mass spectroscopy. Two case histories will be discussed, those of morphine and atropine.Opium has been used by man for thousands of years, so it is not suprising that the major active ingedient, morphine, was the setoff alkaloid to be isolated in pure state (by Serturner in 1805). It was not until 1923 that Sir Robert Robinson established the stucture of morphine. Chemical evidence for the structure is as followsStandard showed that the nitrogen atom was fully substituted, and that the phenolic hydroxyl was present as it gave a positive(p) FeCl3 te st. Two hydoxyls were present as a diacetate and dibenzoate could be formed. Both compounds contained one olefinic double bond as codeine absorbed one. It was found that a reduced phenanthrene with a two-carbon bridge containing a tertiary nitrogen atom (with methyl group as on substituent) was present, and the structure of morphine and codeine were first proposed in 1923 and 1925 respectively by Robinson and Gulland. discount of morphine was carried out in 1956 by Gates.Atropine on the other hand, is not generally a natural product but arises through racemisation of (-)-hyoscyamine (see (a) below) and purification, and is thus ( )-hyoscyamine.(-)-hyoscyamine is the most common tropane alkaloid. In 1833 atropine was isolated from Atropa belladonna. Hydrolysis with warm barium hydrated oxide solution produced racemic tropic acid and tropine.Degradative studies and then through synthesis found the structure of tropic acidExhaustive abasement of tropine, carried out by Willstlter b etween 1985 and 1901, erectd evidence for the bicyclic structure of tropine.The most widely used process in degradative studies of alaloids is exhaustive methylation, known as Hofmann degradeation. . This involves the pyrolysis of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide to form and olefin an a tertiary baseTo ensure the complete removal of the nitrogen atom when it constitutes part of a ring, two degrdations must be carried out. When exhaustive methylation of of cyclic compounds might be expected to give 1,4-dienes, the alkaline conditions of the chemical reaction may result in the migration of one of the double bonds to give a 1,3-diene. For example, the exhaustive methylation of N-methylpiperidine gives 1,3-pentadiene (piperylene) and not 1,4-pentadiene.The diene is then easily hydrogenated to form a saturated hydrocarbon. If Hofmann degradation fails to bring about ring fission of cyclic amines, Emde degradation, invoving catalytic reduction of a quaternary salt by atomic number 11 am algam or sodium in liquid ammonia, may be applied. For example, attempted Hofmann degradation of N-methyltetrahydroquinoline methoxide results in regeneration of the parent base, while Emde reduction with sodium amalgam affords the ring-opened amine.Alkaloids containing diphenyl ether linkages, for example, bis-benzylisoquinoline, are cleaved into two fragments by reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia. For example, the structure of the alkaloid dauricine was established by reductive cleavage of O-methyl-dauricine.Modern eraDuring the last 30 years, structure elucidation has benn facilitated by the use of mass spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR techniques. It is now practicable to determine the structure in days with a few milligrams or less of pure compound. It took 118 years to determine the structure of morphine. The mass spectrum data for morphine is highly informative and is shown below and would have helped enormously years ago. at a time the structure of an alkaloid is known, partial or total synthesis can be attempted.BiosynthesisIt is possible to determine the amino acid from which an alkaloid is derived just by feel at the structure. Before availability of radio-isotopes 14C and tritium, and more recently the stable isotopes 13C and 15N it was only possible to speculate about the likely biosynthetic pathways. This was sometimes successful as for example, the suggested pathway to the isoquinoline alkaloid is as followsIt is possible to divide the biosynthesis of the alkaloids into two categories according to whether products are obtained from the amino acids ornithine and lysine, or the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan.Alkaloids derived from ornithine and lysinePyrrolidine alkaloids hygrine, cocaine, tropinone, hyoscyamine etcPiperidine alkaoids piperine, (-)-lobeline etcQuinolizidine alkaloids sparteine, cytosine, (-)-lupinine etcPyridine alkaloids nicotine, anabasine, anatabine etcAlkaloids derived from phenylalanine and tyrosineMonocyclic compounds hordenine etcTetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine (narcotine), papaverine, heroin etcAlkaloids derived from tryptophanSimple indole derivatives psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, physostigmine etcComplex indole derivatives harmaline, echinulin, ergonovine etcNo class of naturally occurring organic substances shows such an enormous range of structures as the alkaloids with over 5000 known. It would be impossible to discuss each one of these within the time limit. Therefore, this project is concerned with the following alkaloids morphine ( including codeine and heroin), cocaine, Nicotine and Caffeine (including theophylline).These alkaloids are present in enormous quantities in the world and come along appropriate to be discussed due to the current interest in their make particularly when used illegally. They are some of the most well known alkaloids.Morphine (Codeine and Heroin)When the unripe seed capsules of the opi um poppy, Papaver somniferum, is cut or pricked, a viscous liquid is exuded. After the exudates dries and darkens with exposure to air, a hard but still partly sticky mass is obtained. This is opium, which has been used for many centuries by some for medicinal purposes. Opium is important as a painkilling drug in its own right, but is also the source of other analgesic drugs such as morphine and heroin. Mankind had discovered the use of opium by the time of the earliest written records. In fact, the first recorded use of opium as a painkiller was around 6000 years ago by the Sumerians, and the Babylonian and Egyptian writings contain many references to the value of opium preparations for the relief of pain. Thomas Sydenham, the 17th Century pioneer of English medicine wrote, Among the remedies which it has pleased Almighty God to give to man to relieve its sufferings, none is so universal and so efficacious as opium. Nowadays, although opium is no longer regareded as a universal ana lgesic, it is still a very important source of morphine.The pharmacologically active constituents of opium have been employed in medicine for many thousand of years. During the 19th century these constituents were isolated as pure chemical entities.Morphine is a naturally occurring substance and is the major constituent of opium, constituting about 10% (sometimes up to 20%) of its weight.Morphine was first isolated in 1805 by Friedrich Sertrner. However, its basic structure was not correctly determined until 120 years by and by. Morphine provides symptomatic relief of moderately severe to severe pain. Morphine acts as an anesthetic without decrease consciousness, and it is one of the most powerful analgesics known. However, it also suppresses the repiratory system, and high doses can cause death by respiratory failure. Its analgesic properties are related to the ability of the molecule to fit into and block a specific sit on a nerve cell. This eliminates the action of the pain rece ptorCocaineCocaine is obtained from coca leaves (Erythryloxum coca) and has the grammatical construction C17H23O4N and a molecular weight of 303.39. The anaesthetic properties of cocaine were first recognised by Koller in 1882, but it has now been largely replaced in the clinic by synthetic analogues due to its widespread abuse as a narcotic. It is, however, still much used as a stimulant by Andean Indians. After grind the leaves, they are easily fatigued and can go on for long periods without food.Cocaine is shipped and sold in the form of the water-soluble hydrochloride salt, which may be ingested through the nasal passages by snorting orally and intravenously. There are severe physical and psychological side effects of the drug, such as brain seizures, respiratory collapse, heart attack, paranoia, and depression.Cocaine may be hydrolysed by acids or alkalis to methyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and (-)-ecgonine, C9H15O3 N only partial hydrolysis, to benzoyl- (-)-ecgonine, C16 H19O4 N, and methyl alcohol when the alkaloid is boiled with water.Cocaine can be regarded as being derived from ornithine. Willsttter worked on a tortuous synthesis (of about 20 steps) of tropinone between 1900 and 1903, but in 1917 Robinson reported his one-pot synthesis and also provided what was probably the first example of a formal retrosynthetic analysis. He stated By imaginary hydrolysis at the points indicated by the dotted lines, the substance may be resolved into succinaldehyde, methylamine and acetone.The yield of this reaction was poor but Schpf and Lehmann reported optimised conditions (buffered solution at pH5 and 25C) which allowed 85% yield. A variety of mechanisms are possible and the one shown below envisages a reaction between the enol form of acetone dicarboxylate and the condensation product from succinaldehyde and methylamine.Willsttter made his own contributions based on this type of chemistry, and ideal simple synthesis of tropinone in 1921 and a synthesis of coc aine in 1923. The synthesis of cocaine is as followsA Robinson- type reaction yielded the expected azabicyclo structure but with a fortuitous axial stereochemistry for the carbomethoxyl group. Racemic cocaine was formed after separation of the diastereoisomeric products on the reduction of the ketone and benzoylation of the mixture of alcohols.An important aspect of Robinsons itinerary is that it represented the first biomimetic synthesis of an alkaloid. He provided inspiration for others to consider possible biosynthetic pathways, before planning their synthetic routes to alkaloids.NicotineNicotine, present in dried tobacco plant leaves of the plant nicotiana tabacum in 2-8% concentration, is the active ingredient in cigarettes and other tobacco products. The reason tobacco is used by so many plenty is because it contains this powerful drug nicotine. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine is absorbed by the lungs and quickly moves into the bloodstream, where it is circulated throughout the brain. All of this happens very rapidly. In fact, nicotine reaches the brain within 8 seconds after someone inhales tobacco smoke. Nicotine can also enter the blood stream through the mucous membranes that line the mouth or nose, or even through the skin. fume and chewing tobacco have been connected to heart and lung disease and cancer, mainly a result of the presence of carcinogens, carbon monoxide and other toxins.Nicotine affects the entire body. Nicotine acts directly on the heart to change heart rate and blood pressure. It also acts on the nerves that control respiration to change breathing patterns. In high concentration, nicotine is deadly. In fact, one drop of purified nicotine on the tongue will kill a person. Its so lethal that it has been used as a pesticide for centuries.So wherefore do people smoke? The mode of action of nicotine is complex. Ingestion of the molecule may stimulate or calm the user and it may affect his or her mood, appetite, and cognition.There appears to be little doubt that nicotine is an addictive drug, and the debate about how to regulate its availability is ongoing.Nicotine is part of the pyridine alkaloids and is the chief alkaloid of tobacco.It can therefore be classed as a tobacco alkaloid. Nicotine has the empirical formula C10 H14 N2, a molecular weight of 162.26 and was first observed by Vanquelin in 1809 and isolated 19 years later by Posselt and Reimann. Its structure is as followsIt is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 246.1-246.2C and is miscible in all proportions with water below 60 and above 210. It is less soluble between these temperatures.When oxidised with chromic acid it yields an amino acid, C6H5O2N, which may be decarboxylated to pyridinecarboxylic acid. Nicotine is therefore a 3-substituted pyridine and that the substituent is a saturated group containing five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The alkaloid forms a crystalline addition compound with zinc chloride, and when this is heate d with lime pyridine, pyrrole and methylamine are obtained, suggesting that the structure be as above (1). This was supported by the degradation of the alkaloid to N-methylproline (1) to (5) (below), the oxidation of dibromocotinine (6) to nicotinc acid, malonic acid and methylamine (6) to (7). Also, by the reductive hydrolysis of bromocotinine to methylamine and the dihydroxy-acid (8).The structure of nicotine was finally confirmed by synthesis. Three syntheses of nicotine have been recorded.The first was based on the discovery that N-acetylpyrrole is transformed by heat to C-acetylpyrrole shown to be ?-acetylpyrrole.Pictet and Crepieux applied this reaction to N- pyridylpyrrole (3) (below) obtained by the reaction of -aminopyridine1 with mucic acid (2).The compound 31- pyridyl-2-pyrrole (4) was formed. An attempt to methylate the pyrrole nitrogen by heating the kilobyte derivative with yielded (5) (methiodide of 31- pyridyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrole). Distillation of this with calcium o xide gave nicotyrine (6). Selective hydrogenation of the pyrrole nucleus with a palladium-carbon catalyst converted nicotyrine (6) to nicotine with about a 25% yield.PICTETS deductive reasoningPictets classical synthesis involves two steps at high temperatures, one of which is a rearrangement. It cannot therefore be regarded as unambiguous.However, a second synthesis by Spth and Bretschneider involves no rearrangement at high temperature and are thus structurally specific.SPATHS SYNTHESIS(1) (Above) was converted into (2) via electrolytic reduction, which on treatment with potassium and methyl sulphate gave (3) (N-methylpyrrolidone). Ethyl nicotinate was then condensed with (3) in the presence of sodium ethanoate and the resulting -pyridyl-1- -(N1 methyl-?1- pyrrolidonyl) ketone (4) was hydrolysed with fuming hydrochloric acid at 130. The derived amino ketone (5) was reduced with zinc and sodium hydroxide to the corresponding alcohol (6), which was converted to nicotine on treatm ent with hydrogen iodide and potassium hydroxide.A third synthesis of nicotine by Craig was also carried outCRAIGS SYNTHESISNicotinonitrile (1) (above) was reacted with ?- ethoxypropylmagnesium bromide. The product of the reaction (2) (3-pyridyl-?-ethoxypropylketone) formed an oxime (3), which was reduced to an amino derivative (4). On heating to 150-155 with 48% hydrobromic acid this was converted to nornicotine (5), which in turn was methylated to nicotine.The pyridine ring in nicotine is derived from nicotine acid, which itself is derived from aspartic acid and glyceraldehyde-3- phosphateThe remaining steps en route to nicotine are shown belowCaffeineThe purine system occurs widely in nature. Two purines, deoxyadenosine monophosphate and guanine, are constituents of the nucleic acids adenine is a component of coenzymes I and II, of flavin adenine dinucleotide and of adenosine with 3 distinguished compounds caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. They are physiologically active c onstituents of coffee, cocoa, and tea. The compounds have different biochemical effects, and are present in different ratios in different plant sources. These compounds are very similar and differ only by the presence of methyl groups in two positions of chemical structure as shown belowThey are easily oxidised to uric acid and other methyluric acids, which are also similar in chemical stucture.CAFFEINE 1,3,7- trimethylxanthineSOURCES Coffee, tea, cola nuts, mate, guaranaEFFECTS Stimulant of the central nervous system, cardiac muscle and respiratory system, diuretic, delays fatigue.THEOPHYLLINE 1,3 dimethylxanthineSOURCES TeaEFFECTS cardiac stimulant, smooth muscle relaxant, diuretic, vasodilator.THEOBROMINE 3,7- dimethylxanthineSOURCES Principle alkaloid of the cocoa bean (1.5-3%), cola nuts and tea.EFFECTS Diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, cardiac stimulant, vasodilator.Theophylline has a stronger effect on heart and breathing than caffeine. For this reason it is the dru g of choice in home remedies for treating asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. Theophylline found in medicine is made from extracts from coffee or tea. Theobromine is weaker than caffeine and theophylline has one tenth of the stimulating effect.When isolated in pure form, caffeine is a white crystalline powder that tastes very bitter. Recreationally, it is used to provide a boost in energy or a feeling of heightened alterness. Its often used to stay awake longer. Caffeine inhibits the action of an enzyme, phosphodiesterase, whose traffic it is to inactive a molecule called cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Cyclic -AMP is involved in the formation of glucose in the bloodstream. Deactivation of phosphodiesterase by caffeine frees cyclic AMP to do its job, more glucose appears, and we feel more energetic.Caffeine is an addictive drug. Among its many actions it operates using the same mechanisms that amphetamines, cocaine and heroin use to stimulate the brain. Caffeines effects are milder but it is manipulating the same channels and that it is one of the things that give caffeine its addictive qualities. It is one of the most widely used drugs. More than 90% of the creation Britain consume it everyday and its long-term effects are of current interest.Purines are usually synthesised by Traubes method in which a 4, 5 diaminopyrimidine is tempered with formic acid or, better, sodium dithioformate.4, 5- diaminopyrimidines are themselves obtained from 4- aminopyrimidines by nitrosation followed by reduction or via diazonium coupling of activated methylene compounds followed by cyclisation and reduction. Two examples are as followsUric acid (an 8-Hydroxypurine) are made using ethyl chloroformate in place of formic acidUric acid is then the starting material for other purinesSummaryThe term alkaloid refers to any Nitrogen containing compound extracted from plants, although the word is used loosely and some compounds of non-plant origin are also commonly known as al kaloids. The name is derived from their characteristic basic properties (alkali-like), which are induced by the lone-pair of electrons on nitrogen. The basic nature of the alkaloids, in conjunction with their particular three-dimensional architecture, gives rise to often-potent physiological activities, e.g. the narcotics morphine and heroin.The laboratory synthesis of an alkaloid can be a challenging problem. The goal nowadays is not only to synthesise the natural product, but also to do so from simple molecules by a short elegant pathway. Such syntheses have practical importance because many alkaloids are coveted drugs. Large amounts of these alkaloids are often difficult to obtain from natural sources. A simple synthesis can provide an alternative supply of such a drug.The 19th century was the heyday for structural studies on the alkaloids and the 20th century was notable for the large number of elegant syntheses that have been accomplished. Virtually all of the major alkaloids have now been synthesised.

Huck Finn and John Smith- Conning

As a person it is necessary to grow whether it be good or bad, growing is essential. Within the novel of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, the main character Huck goes finished a tremendous amount of growing. As people we subscribe to to grow and as a body of people or a country it is crucial to continue to grow. However, the situations of helping us grow arent eternally done in positive manners. finishedout the novel Huck is forced to answer his own true morals and not those that are imposed on him.As a country first being established (as colonies) we had to find a way to grow and use tactics to do so. In these instances conning took place. The beginning of the abundant country began with Captain John Smith who was, A soldier of fortune with rare powers of leadership and self- promotion (Tindall/Shi 29). John Smith is the very reason Jamestown survived through the harsh seasons and periods of starvation. He was able to negotiate with the Natives at the time to help them survive. The Natives had no real idea that the Englishmen wanted more than just a apportion and military alliance.The real plan of the English was to seize the land and subjugate the Natives. John Smith even tries to persuade English people who are in England to hap to the New World so that he can get rich in Description of New England. He writes letters to them using third person describing himself and how great everything was going to con them into voyaging over the New World. Huck Finn, a young boy who is trying to run away from being sivilized. Through his journey he ends up growing in a huge way.He is constantly facing moral issues and having to make decisions that can result in vivification or death. One of the biggest obstacles Huck faces is when he meets the duke and the dauphin, whom are complete liars from the beginning by stating they were a duke and a dauphin. His first encounter with them they clearly seem to be facing backlash from the scam the older one (dauphin) was trying to pull off running a revival and taking money from it, a little makeup got around, last night, If they got me theyd tar and feather me and ride me on the rail for sure(Norton 183).Huck knows that they are pulling his leg but still decide to stick with them considering his circumstancesthese liars warnt no kings nor dukes, at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds(Norton 185). These men team up together and drag Huck and Jim through innumerous scams. Finally, Huck deems that what the men are doing is wrong. This happens towards the end of the journey when they attempt to scam innocent girls out of an inheritance. This is time that Huck truly sees that what they are doing is wrong and begins to bag against it by sabotaging them and attempting to turn them in.At this point in the novel, Huck has a huge turning point into growing into a person of morals. Risking everything he had because he believed that it was right. No matter what angle a person comes from, there is always a source of growing. So be it that it happens to come from conning. With John Smith conning hundreds of people to come to an unknown country so that he could get rich and be someone of importance and Huck enduring conning and realizing that it is wrong and finally turning over a leaf and deciding things on his own apart from what others say.

Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER EIGHT FARMWOMAN

FARMWOMANThd speakers sat about the table, frozen in their kind shielding. It was as though only with atomic number 53 accord had hidden their head words to invalidate irrevocable insult to the premier utterer after his statement concerning Trevize. Surreptitiously they glanced toward Delarmi and horizontal that gave a office much. Of them all, she was best catch outn for her irreverence Even G decisionibal paid to a greater close lip service to convention.Delarmi was aw atomic number 18 of the glances and she k modernistic that she had no choice scarcely to await up to this impossible situation. In fact, she did non loss to duck the issue. In all the history of the Second Foundation, no scratch line vocaliser had ever been impeached for misanalysis (and behind the term, which she had invented as c over-up, was the unacknowledged incompe xce). Such impeachment now became possible. She would not hang back. setoff Speaker she utter softly, her thin, colorless lip s to a greater extent nearly invisible than usual in the worldwide whiteness of her face. You yourself regulate you contrive no basis for your opinion, that the psychohistorical mathematics indicate naught Do you ask us to base a crucial decision on a mystical feeling?The kickoff Speaker looked up, his frontal b peerless corrugated. He was aware of the universal shielding at the delay. He k bran-new what it meant. He said coldly, I do not hide the lack of evidence. I array you with nothing falsely. What I offer is the strongly intuitive feeling of a beginning Speaker, hotshot with decades of experience who has spent nearly a life clock time in the close analysis of the Seldon Plan. He looked about him with a proud rigidity he rarely displayed, and one by one the mental shields softened and dropped. Delarmis (when he dark to stare at her) was the last.She said, with a disarming frankness that filled her mind as though nothing else had ever been there, I accept your statem ent, of course, number 1 Speaker. Nevertheless, I think you might possibly want to reconsider. As you think about it now, having al run downy expressed shame at having to fall back on intuition, would you wish your remarks to be stricken from the record if, in your judgment they should beAnd Gendibals voice cut in. What are these remarks that should. be stricken from the record?Every gibe of eyes turned in unison. Had their shields not been up during the crucial moments before, they would give way been aware of his preliminary commodious before he was at the door.All shields up a moment ago? All unaware of my entrance? said Gendibal sardonically. What a commonplace concussion of the Table we receive here. Was no one on their guard for my culmination? Or did you all fully expect that I would not make it?This outburst was a flagrant violation of all standards. For Gendibal to arrive late was bad full. For him to then enter unannounced was worse. For him to speak before the firstly Speaker had acknowledged his attendance was worst of all.The First Speaker turned to him. All else was superceded. The question of discipline came first.Speaker Gendibal, he said, you are late. You arrive unannounced. You speak. Is there any reason why you should not be suspended from your post for thirty days?Of course. The move for suspension should not be considered until first we consider who it was that nauseatede it certain I would be late and why. Gendibals words were chill out and measured, merely his mind clothed his cerebrations with anger and he did not care who sensed it.Certainly Delarmi sensed it. She said forcefully, This man is mad.Mad? This charr is mad to say so. Or aware of guilt. First Speaker, I address myself to you and move a point of personal privilege, said Gendibal.Personal privilege of what nature, Speaker?First Speaker, I accuse mortal here of set outed murder.The room exploded as every Speaker travel to his or her feet in a co-occurr ent babble of words, expression, and mentality.The First Speaker raised his arms. He cried, The Speaker must mother his chance to express his point of personal privilege. He found himself obligate to intensify his authority, mentally, in a manner most inappropriate to the place yet there was no choice.The babble quieted.Gendibal waited unmoved until the silence was both audibly and mentally profound. He said, On my way here, moving along a Hamish road at a distance and approaching at a race that would have easily assured my arrival in good time for the meeting, I was stopped by several furthermers and narrowly escaped macrocosm beaten, perhaps being killed. As it was, I was delayed and have but bonny arrived. May I point out, to begin with, that I know of no suit since the Great Sack that a Second Foundationer has been spoken to disrespectfully permit alone manhandled by one of these Hamish plenty.Nor do I, said the First Speaker.Delarmi cried out, Second Foundationers d o not habitually walk alone in Hamish territory You invite this by doing so?It is true, said Gendibal, that I habitually walk alone in Hamish territory. I have walked there hundreds of times in every direction. Yet I have never been accosted before. Others do not walk with the freedom that I do, but no one exiles himself from the world or imprisons himself in the University and no one has ever been accosted. I recall occasions when Delarmi and then, as though retrieve the honorific too late, he deliberately converted it into a deadly insult. I mean to say, I recall when Speakeress Delarmi was in Hamish territory, at one time or another, and yet she was not accosted.Perhaps, said Delarmi, with eyes widened into a glare, because I did not speak to them first and because I maintained my distance. Because I behaved as though I deserved respect, I was accorded it.Strange, said Gendibal, and I was about to say that it was because you presented a more formidable appearance than I did. Aft er all, few boldness approach you even here. But tell me, why should it be that of all times for interference, the Hamish would choose this day to face me, when I am to attend an great meeting of the Table?If it were not because of your behavior, then it must have been chance, said Delarmi. I have not heard that even all of Seldons mathematics has outside the role of chance from the Galaxy certainly not in the case of individual sheaths. Or are you, too, oral presentation from intuitional inspiration? (There was a soft mental sigh from one or two Speakers at this sideways thrust at the First Speaker.)It was not my behavior. It was not chance. It was deliberate interference, said Gendibal.How can we know that? asked the First Speaker gently. He could not help but soften toward Gendibal as a result of Delarmis last remark.My mind is open to you, First Speaker. I channel you and all the Table my memory of events.The transfer took but a few moments. The First Speaker said, Shoc king You behaved very well, Speaker, low circumstances of tidy pressure. I agree that the Hamish behavior is anomalous and warrants investigation. In the meantime, please join our meetingA moments cut in Delarmi. How certain are we that the Speakers account is absolute?Gendibals nostrils flared at the insult, but he retained his level composure. My mind is openI have known open minds that were not open.I have no doubt of that, Speaker, said Gendibal, since you, like the rest of us, must keep your own mind under inspection at all times. My mind, when open, however, is open.The First Speaker said, let us have no furtherA point of personal privilege, First Speaker, with apologies for the interruption, said Delarmi.Personal privilege of what nature, Speaker?Speaker Gendibal has accused one of us of attempted murder, presumably by instigating the farmer to attack him. As long as the accusation is not withdrawn, I must be viewed as a possible murderer, as would every person in this roo m including you, First Speaker.The First Speaker said, Would you withdraw the accusation, Speaker Gendibal?Gendibal took his seat and put his work force down upon its arms, gripping them tightly, as though taking ownership of it, and said, I go away do so, as soon as someone explains why a Hamish farmer, rallying several others, should deliberately set out to delay me on my way to this meeting.A thousand reasons, perhaps, said the First Speaker. I repeat that this event volition be investigated. forget you, for now, Speaker Gendibal, and in the interest of continuing the present discussion, withdraw your accusation?I cannot, First Speaker. I spent long minutes trying, as delicately as I might, to search his mind for ways to alter his behavior without damage and failed. His mind lacked the give it should have had. His emotions were fixed, as though by an outside mind.Delarmi said with a sharp little smile, And you think one of us was the outside mind? Might it not have been you r mysterious organization that is competing with us, that is more powerful than we are?It might, said GendibaI.In that case, we who are not members of this organization that only you know of are not conscience-smitten and you should withdraw your accusation. Or can it be that you are accusing someone here of being under the control of this strange organization? Perhaps one of us here is not quite what he or she seems?Perhaps, said Gendibal stolidly, quite aware that Delarmi was feeding him rope with a noose at the end of it.It might seem, said Delarmi, reaching the noose and preparing to tighten it, that your dream of a reclusive, unknown, hidden, mysterious organization is a nightmare of paranoia. It would ft in with your paranoid conjuring trick that Hamish farmers are being influenced, that Speakers are under hidden control. I am go forthing, however, to follow this peculiar survey line of yours for a while longer. Which of us here, Speaker, do you think is under control? Might it be me?Gendibal said, I would not think so, Speaker. If you were attempting to resign yourself of me in so indirect a manner, you would not so openly advertise your dislike for me.A double-double-cross, perhaps? said Delarmi. She was virtually purring. That would be a common conclusion in a paranoid fantasy.So it might be. You are more experienced in such matters than I. Speaker Lestim Gianni interrupted hotly. See here, Speaker Gendibal, if you are exonerating Speaker Delarmi, you are directing your accusations the more tightly at the rest of us. What grounds would any of us have to delay your presence at this meeting, let alone wish you dead?Gendibal answered quickly, as though he had been waiting for the question. When I entered, the point under discussion was the striking of remarks from the record, remarks made by the First Speaker. I was the only Speaker not in a position to hear those remarks. Let me know what they were and I quite an think I will tell you the motiv e for delaying me.The First Speaker said, I had stated and it was something to which Speaker Delarmi and others took serious exception that I had decided, on the basis of intuition and of a most inappropriate use of psychohistorical mathematics, that the entire rising of the Plan may rest on the exile of First Foundationer Golan TrevizeGendibal said, What other Speakers may think is up to them. For my part, I agree with this hypothesis. Trevize is the rouge. I govern his sudden ejection by the First Foundation too curious to be innocent.Delarmi said, Would you care to say, Speaker Gendibal, that Trevize is in the grip of this mystery organization or that the people who exiled him are? Is perhaps everyone and everything in their control except you and the First Speaker and me, whom you have declared to be uncontrolled?Gendibal said, These ravings require no answer. Instead let me ask if there is any Speaker here who would like to express agreement on this matter with the First Speaker and myself? You have read, I presume, the numeric treatment that I have, with the First Speakers approval, circulated among you.There was silence.I repeat my request, said Gendibal. Anyone?There was silence.Gendibal said, First Speaker, you now have the motive for delaying me.The First Speaker said, situate it explicitly.You have expressed the need to deal with Trevize, with this First Foundationer. It represents an important initiative in policy and if the Speakers had read my treatment, they would have known in a general way what was in the wind. If, nevertheless, they had unanimously disagree with you unanimously then, by traditional self-limitation, you would have been unable to go forward. If even one Speaker backed you, then you would be able to implement this new policy. I was the one Speaker who would back yon, as anyone who had read my treatment would know, and it was necessary that I must, at all costs, be kept from the Table. That trick proved nearly successf ul, but I am now here and I back the First Speaker. I agree with him and he can, in accordance with tradition, disregard the disagreement of the ten other Speakers.Delarmi struck the table with her fist. The implication is that someone knew in advance what the First Speaker would advise, knew in advance that Speaker Gendibal would support it and that all the rest would not that someone knew what he could not have known. There is the further implication that this initiative is not to the liking of Speaker Gendibals paranoia-inspired organization and that they are fighting to impede it and that, therefore, one or more of us is under the control of that organizationThe implication is there, agreed Gendibal. Your analysis is masterly.Whom do you accuse? cried out Delarmi.No one. I call upon the First Speaker to take up the matter. It is clear that there is someone in our organization who is working against us. I suggest that everyone working for the Second Foundation should undergo a thorough mental analysis. Everyone, including the Speakers themselves. Even including myself and the First Speaker.The meeting of the Table broke up in greater confusion and greater excitement than any on record.And when the First Speaker finally spoke the phrase of adjournment, Gendibal without speaking to anyone made his way back to his room. He knew well that he had not one friend among the Speakers, that even whatever support the First Speaker could give him would be half-hearted at best.He could not tell whether he feared for himself or for the entire Second Foundation. The taste of doom was sour in his mouth.Gendibal did not stop well. His waking thoughts and his sleeping dreams were alike engaged in quarreling with Delora Delarmi. In one passage of one dream, there was even a confusion between her and the Hamish farmer, Rufirant, so that Gendibal found himself facing an out-of-proportion Delarmi advancing upon him with enormous fists and a sweet smile that revealed needle like teeth.He finally woke, later than usual, with no sensation of having rested and with the buzzer on his night table in muted action. He turned over to bring his hand down upon the contact.Yes? What is it?Speaker The voice was that of the floor proctor, rather less than suitably respectful. A visitor wishes to speak to youA visitor? Gendibal punched his appointment schedule and the screen memorialiseed nothing before noon. He pushed the time passing it was 831 a.m. He said peevishly, Who in space and time is it?Will not give a summons, Speaker. Then, with clear disapproval, One of these Hamishers, Speaker. Arrived at your invitation. The last sentence was said with even clearer disapproval.Let him wait in the reception room till I come down. It will take time.Gendibal did not hurry. end-to-end the morning ablutions, he remained lost in thought. That someone was using the Hamish to hamper his movements made sense but he would like to know who that someone was. And what was this new intrusion of the Hamish into his very quarters? A complicated trap of some sort?How in the name of Seldon would a Hamish farmer get into the University? What reason could he advance? What reason could he really have?For one fleeting moment, Gendibal wondered if he ought to arm himself. He decided against it almost at once, since he matte up contemptuously certain of being able to control any single farmer on the University grounds without any danger to himself and without any unacceptable sign of a Hamish mind.Gendibal decided he had been too strongly affected by the incident with Karoll Rufirant the day before. Was it the very farmer, by the way? no longer under the influence, perhaps of whatever or whoever it washe might well have come to Gendibal to apologize for what he had done and with apprehension of punishment. But how would Rufirant know where to go? Whom to approach?Gendibal swung down the corridor resolutely and entered the waiting room. He stopped in aston ishment, then fumed to the proctor, who was pretending to be busy in his glass-walled cubicle.Proctor, you did not say the visitor was a woman.The proctor said quietly, Speaker, I said a Hamisher. You did not ask further.Minimal information, Proctor? I must remember that as one of your characteristics. (And he must check to see if the proctor was aDelarmi appointee. And he must remember, from now on, to note the functionaries who surrounded him, Lowlies whom it was too easy to ignore from the summit of his tacit-new Speakership.) Are any of the conference rooms available?The proctor said, Number 4 is the only one available, Speaker. It will be free for three hours. He glanced briefly at the Hamishwoman, then at Gendibal, with blank innocence.We will use Number 4, Proctor, and I would advise you to mind your thoughts. Gendibal struck, not gently, and the proctors shield closed far too slowly. Gendibal knew well it was on a lower floor his dignity to manhandle a lesser mind, but a p erson who was incapable of shielding an unpleasant conjecture against a superior ought to learn not to indulge in one. The proctor would have a mild headache for a few hours. It was well deserved.Her name did not spring immediately to mind and Gendibal was in no mood to delve deeper. She could scarcely expect him to remember, in any case.He said peevishly, You areI be Novi, Master Scowler, she said in what was almost a gasp. My previous be Sura, but I be called Novi plain.Yes. Novi. We met yesterday I remember now. I have not forgotten that you came to my defense. He could not bring himself to use the Hamish accent on the very University grounds. Now how did you get here?Master, you said I might write letter. You said, it should say, Speakers House, Apartment 27 I self-bring it and I show the writing my own writing, Master. She said it with a kind of bashful pride. They ask, For whom be this writing? I heared your calling when you said it to that oafish bane-top, Rufirant. I say it be for Stor Gendibal, Master Scowler.And they let you pass, Novi? Didnt they ask to see the letter?I be very frightened. I think maybe they feel gentle-sorry. I said, Scowler Gendibal promise to show me Place of Scowlers, and they smile. One of them at gate-door say to other, And that not all he be show her. And they show me where to go, and say not to go elseplace at all or I be thrown out moment-wise.Gendibal reddened faintly. By Seldon, if he matt-up the need for Hamish amusement, it would not be in so open a fashion and his choice would have been made more selectively. He looked at the Trantorian woman with an inward shake of his head.She seemed quite young, younger perhaps than severely work had made her appear. She could not be more than twenty-five, at which age Hamishwomen were usually already married. She wore her dark hair in the braids that signified her to be unmarried virginal, in fact and he was not surprised. Her performance yesterday showed her to have enormous giving as a shrew and he doubted that a Hamishman could easily be found who would take for granted be yoked to her tongue and her ready fist. Nor was her appearance much of an attraction. though she had gone to pains to make herself look presentable, her face was angular and plain, her hands red and knobby. What he could see of her figure seemed built for endurance rather than for grace.Her move lip began to tremble under his scrutiny. He could sense her embarrassment and fright quite plainly and felt pity. She had, indeed, been of use to him yesterday and that was what counted.He said, in an attempt to be genial and soothing, So you have come to see the uh Place of Scholars?She opened her dark eyes wide (they were rather fine) and said, Master, be not ired with me, but I come to be scowler own-self.You want to be a scholar? Gendibal was thunderstruck. My good womanHe paused. How on Trantor could one explain to a wholly unsophisticated farmwoman the level of intelligence, train ing, and mental stamina required to be what Trantorians called a scowler?But Sura Novi drove on fiercely. I be a author and a reader. I have read whole books to end and from beginning, too. And I have wish to be scowler. I do not wish to be farmers wife. I be no person for farm. I will not wed farmer or have farmer children. She lifted her head and said proudly, I be asked. Many times. I eer say, Nay Politely, but Nay. Gendibal could see plainly enough that she was lying. She had not been asked, but he kept his face straight. He said, What will you do with your life if you do not splice?Novi brought her hand down on the table, palm flat. I will be scowler. I not be farmwoman.What if I cannot make you a scholar?Then I be nothing and I wait to die. I be nothing in life if I be not a scowler.For a moment there was the impulse to search her mind and find out the extent of her motivation. But it would be wrong to do so. A Speaker did not amuse ones self by rummaging through the helpl ess minds of others. There was a write in code to the science and technique of mental control mentalics as to other professions. Or there should be. (He was suddenly regretful he had struck out at the proctor.)He said, Why not be a farmwoman, Novi? With a little manipulation, he could make her content with that and manipulate some Hamish lout into being happy to marry her and she to marry him. It would do no harm. It would be a kindness. But it was against the law and thus unthinkable.She said, I not be. A farmer is a clod. He work with earthlumps, and he receives earth-lump. If I be farmwoman, I be earthlump, too. I will be timeless to read and write, and I will forget. My head, she put her hand to her temple, will grow sour and stale. No A scowler be different. Thoughtful (She meant by the word, Gendibal noted, intelligent rather than considerate.)A scowler, she said, live with books and with with I forget what they be name said. She made a gesture as though she were mak ing some sort of vague manipulations that would have meant nothing to Gendibal if he did not have her mind radiations to guide him.Microfilms, he said. How do you know about microfilms?In books, I read of many things, she said proudly.Gendibal could no longer fight off the want to know more. This was an unusual Hamisher he had never heard of one like this. The Hamish were never recruited, but if Novi were younger, say ten years oldWhat a negate? He would not disturb her he would not disturb her in the least, but of what use was it to be a Speaker if one could not feel unusual minds and learn from them?He said, Novi, I want you to sit there for a moment. Be very quiet. Do not say anything. Do not think of saying anything. just think of falling asleep Do you understand?Her fright returned at once, Why must do this, Master?Because I wish to think how you might become a scholar.After all, no matter what she had read, there was no possible way in which she could know what being a sch olar truly meant. It was therefore necessary to find out what she thought a scholar was.Very carefully and with infinite delicacy he probed her mind sensing without actually touching-like placing ones hand on a polished metal surface without leaving fingerprints. To her a scholar was someone who always read books. She had not the slightest idea of why one read books. For herself to be a scholar the picture in her mind was that of doing the labor she knew fetching, carrying, cooking, cleaning, following orders but on the University grounds where books were available and where she would have time to read them and, very vaguely, to become knowing. What it amounted to was that she wanted to be a servant his servant.Gendibal frowned. A Hamishwoman servant and one who was plain, graceless, uneducated, yet literate. Unthinkable.He would simply have to divert her. There would have to be some way of adjusting her desires to make her content to be a farmwoman, some way that would leave no mark, some way about which even Delarmi could not complain. Or had she been sent by Delarmi? Was all this a complicated plan to claw him into tampering with a Hamish mind, so that he might be caught and impeached?Ridiculous. He was in danger of growing paranoid. Somewhere in the simple tendrils of her uncomplicated mind, a trickle of mental current needed to be diverted. It would only take a tiny push.It was against the letter of the law, but it would do no harm and no one would ever notice.He paused.Back. Back. Back.Space He had almost missed itWas he the victim of an illusion?No Now that his attention was drawn. to it, he could make it out clearly. There was the tiniest tendril disarrayed an abnormal disarray. Yet it was so delicate, so ramification-free.Gendibal emerged from . her mind. He said gently, Novi.Her eyes focused. She said, Yes, Master?Gendibal said, You may work with me. I will make you a scholarJoyfully, eyes blazing, she said, MasterHe detected it at once. She was going to throw herself at his feet. He put his hands on her shoulders and held her tightly. Dont move, Novi. Stay where you are. StayHe might have been talking to a half-trained animal. When he could see the order had penetrated, he let her go. He was conscious of the hard muscles along her upper arms.He said, If you are to be a scholar, you must behave like one. That means you will have to be always quiet, always soft-spoken, always doing what I tell you to do. And you must try to learn to talk as I do. You will also have to meet other scholars. Will you be afraid?I be not afeared afraid, Master, if you be with meI wilt be with you. But now, first I must find you a room, arrange to have you assigned a lavatory, a place in the dining room, and clothes, too. You will have to wear clothes more summateted to a scholar, Novi.These be all I she began miserably. We will supply others.Clearly he would have to get a woman to arrange for a new supply of clothing for Novi. He would also need someone to teach the Hamisher the rudiments of personal hygiene. After ail, though the clothes she wore were probably her best and though she had obviously spruced herself up, she still had a distinct odor that was faintly unpleasant.And he would have to make sure that the relationship between them was understood. It was always an open secret that the men (and women, too) of the Second Foundation made occasional forays among the Hamish for their pleasure. If there was no interference with Hamish minds in the process, no one dreamed of making a scratch about it. Gendibal himself had never indulged in this, and he liked to think it was because he felt no need for sex that might be coarser and more super spiced than was available at the University. The women of the Second Foundation might be pallid in comparison to the Hamish, but they were clean and their skins were smooth.But even if the matter were see and there were sniggers at a Speaker who net only turned to the Hami sh but brought one into his quarters, he would have to endure the embarrassment. As it stood, this farmwoman, Sura Novi, was his key to victory in the inevitable forthcoming duel with Speaker Delarmi and the rest of the Table.Gendibal did not see Novi again till after dinnertime, at which time she was brought to him by the woman to whom he had endlessly explained the situation at least, the nonsexual character of the situation. She had understood or, at least, did not dare show any indication of ill fortune to understand, which was perhaps just as good.Novi stood before him now, bashful, proud, embarrassed, triumphant all at once, in an incongruous mixture.He said, You look very nice, Novi.The clothes they had given her fit surprisingly well and there was no question that she did not look at all ludicrous. Had they pinched in her waist? Lifted her breasts? Or had that just been not particularly noticeable in her farmwoman clothing?Her buttocks were prominent, but not displeasing ly so. Her face, of course, remained plain, but when the tan of outdoor life faded and she learned how to care for her complexion, it would not look downright ugly.By the Old Empire, that woman did think Novi was to be his mistress. She had tried to make her beautiful for him.And then he thought Well, why not?Novi would have to face the Speakers Table and the more attractive she seemed, the more easily he would be able to get his point across.It was with this thought that the message from the First Speaker reached him. It had the kind of appropriateness that was common in a mentalic society. It was called, more or less informally, the Coincidence Effect. If you think vaguely of someone when someone is thinking vaguely of you, there is a mutual, escalating stimulation which in a matter of seconds makes the two thoughts sharp, decisive, and, to all appearances, simultaneous.It can be startling even to those who understand it intellectually, particularly if the preliminary vague thoug hts were so dim on one side or the other (or both) as to have gone consciously unnoticed.I cant be with you this evening, Novi, said Gendibal. I have scholar work to do. I will take you to your room. There will be some books there and you can practice your reading. I will show you how to use the signal if you need help with anything and I will see you tomorrow.Gendibal said politely, First Speaker?Shandess merely nodded. He looked dour and fully his age. He looked as though he were a man who did not drink, but who could use a inviolable one. He said finally, I called youNo messenger. I presumed from the direct call that it was important.It is. Your quarry the First Foundationer TrevizeYes?He is not coming to Trantor.Gendibal did not look surprised. Why should he? The information we received was that he was leaving with a professor of ancient history who was seeking Earth.Yes, the legendary Primal Planet. And that is why he should be coming to Trantor. After all, does the profe ssor know where Earth is? Do you? Do I? Can we be sure it exists at all, or ever existed? Surely they would have to come to this Library to obtain the necessary information if it were to be obtained anywhere. I have until this hour felt that the situation was not at crisis level that the First Foundationer would come here and that we would, through him, learn what we need to know.Which would certainly be the reason he is not allowed to come here.But where is he going, then?We have not yet found out, I see.The First Speaker said pettishly, You seem calm about it.Gendibal said, I wonder if it is not better so. You want him to come to Trantor to keep him safe and use him as a source of information. Will he not, however, prove a source of more important information, involving others still more important than himself, if he goes where he wants to go and does what he wants to do provided we do not lose sight of him?Not enough said the First Speaker. you have persuaded me of the existen ce of this new enemy of ours and now I cannot rest.Worse, I have persuaded myself that we must secure Trevize or we have lost everything. I cannot rid myself of the feeling that he and nothing else is the key.Gendibal said intensely, Whatever happens, we will not lose, First Speaker. That would only have been possible, if these Anti-Mules, to use your phrase again, had continued to burrow beneath us unnoticed. But we know they are there now. We no longer work blind. At the next meeting of the Table, if we can work together, we shall begin the counterattack.The First Speaker said, It was not the matter of Trevize that had me send out the call to you. The subject came up first only because it seemed to me a personal defeat. I had misanalyzed that aspect of the situation. I was wrong to place personal pique above general policy and I apologize. There is something else.More serious, First Speaker?More serious, Speaker Gendibal. The First Speaker sighed and drummed his fingers on the d esk while Gendibal stood patiently before it and waited.The First Speaker finally said, in a mild way, as though that would ease the blow, At an emergency meeting of the Table, initiated by Speaker DelarmiWithout your consent, First Speaker?For what she wanted, she needed the consent of only three other Speakers, not including myself. At the emergency meeting that was then called, you were impeached, Speaker Gendibal. You have been accused as being unworthy of the post of Speaker and you must be tried. This is the first time in over three centuries that a bill of impeachment has been carried out against a SpeakerGendibal said, fighting to keep down any sign of anger, Surely you did not vote for my impeachment yourself.I did not, but I was alone. The rest of the Table was unanimous and the vote was ten to one for impeachment. The requirement for impeachment, as you know, is eight votes including the First Speaker or ten without him.But T was not present.You would not have been able to vote.I might have spoken in my defense.Not at that stage. The precedents are few, but clear. Your defense will be at the trial, which will come as soon as possible, naturally.Gendibal bowed his head in thought. Then he said, This does not concern me overmuch, First Speaker. Your initial instinct, I think, was right. The matter of Trevize takes precedence. May I suggest you delay the trial on that ground?The First Speaker held up his hand. I dont blame you for not understanding the situation, Speaker. Impeachment is so rare an event that I myself have been forced to look up the legal procedures involved. Nothing takes precedence. We are forced to move directly to the trial, postponing everything else.Gendibal placed his fists on the desk and leaned toward the First Speaker. You are not serious?It is the law.The law cant be allowed to stand in the way of a clear and present danger.To the Table, Speaker Gendibal, you are the clear and present danger. No, harken to me The law that is involved is based on the conviction that nothing can be more important than the possibility of corruption or the misuse of power on the part of a Speaker.But I am guilty of neither, First Speaker, and you knew it. This is a matter of a personal vendetta on the part of Speaker Delarmi. If there is misuse of power, it is on her part. My crime is that I have never labored to make myself popular I admit that much and I have paid too little attention to fools who are old enough to be senile but young enough to have power.Like myself, Speaker?Gendibal sighed. You see, Ive done it again. I dont refer to you, First Speaker. Very well, then, let us have an instant trial, then. Let us have it tomorrow. Better yet, tonight. Let us get it over with and then pass on to the matter of Trevize. We dare not wait.The First Speaker said, Speaker Gendibal. I dont think you understand the situation. We have had impeachments before not many, just two. Neither of those resulted in a conviction. You , however, will be convicted You will then no longer be a member of the Table and you will no longer have a say in public policy. You will not, in fact, even have a vote at the annual meeting of the Assembly.And you will not act to prevent that?I cannot. I will be voted down unanimously. I will then lie forced to resign, which I think is what the Speakers would like to see.And Delarmi will become First Speaker?That is certainly a strong possibility.But that must not be allowed to happenExactly Which is why I will have to vote for your conviction.Gendibal drew a deep breath. I still demand an instant trial.You must have time to prepare your defense.What defense? They will listen to no defense. Instant trialThe Table must have time to prepare their case.They have no case and will want none. They have me convicted in their minds and will require nothing more. In fact, they would rather convict me tomorrow than the day after and tonight rather than tomorrow. Put it to them.The First Sp eaker rose to his feet. They faced each other across the desk. The First Speaker said, Why are you in such a hurry?The matter of Trevize will not wait.Once you are convicted and I am rendered feeble in the face of a Table united against me, what will have been accomplished?Gendibal said in an intense whisper, Have no fears Despite everything, I will not be convicted.