Judicial System and Application of Criminal Responsibility Essay

Judicial System and Application of Criminal Responsibility - Essay Example The main role of any judicial system is to mitigate crime, provide social control, and impose sanctions to violators of the law and to rehabilitates individuals who have violated the law. Germany Criminal Justice system The Germany criminal justice system is one of the most elaborate systems in the world due to the proper structure and the eloquent due process. The German police are the first line contact with crimes happening on the ground. Additionally, their main mandate is to detect, conduct investigations and arrest lawbreakers. After the police have made an arrest, they proceed to register the crime and embark on thorough investigations. However, in other cases, the police can conduct undercover investigation in order to detect criminal activities and gather sufficient evidence for prosecution purposes. Additionally, when they find sufficient evidence, then they hand over the case to the public prosecutions officer who is has the mandate of prosecuting the suspect on behalf of the public (Miller & Gaines, 2011). However, the prosecution must have a high degree of specificity in order to prosecute an individual according to the German laws. Additionally, the matter must be an offense against the public interest. However, when the nature of crime is minor and the prosecutor sees no ground of public prosecution, then the penal sanctions are applied that may include fines. The prosecutor can go ahead and prosecute an offender, when the crime is against the public and has sufficient evidence. However, the courts will commence proceedings after thoroughly examining the charges, the nature of crime and the degree of seriousness (Hess, Orthmann & Cho, 2012). When an individual commits a crime for instance robbery, the police conduct an intensive investigation regarding the crime before they register it and forward it to the public prosecutions officer who then evaluates the case against the evidence in order to forward it to court for proceedings to commence. How ever, the crime must cause significant harm to the public for instance robbery causes harm to the victims. When the public prosecutor forwards the case to court, the court examines the case against the evidence that the public prosecutions officer puts forward in order to establish grounds for commencing proceedings otherwise without sufficient evidence and legal grounds the court throws out the case (Cole & Smith, 2008). The public prosecutor has to follow the due process model to the letter in order to achieve successful prosecution. The first court that majorly deals with criminal cases has one professional judge specialized in criminal cases and two other lay judges. Similarly, a higher court consists of three professional judges and two other lay judges. When an individual is arraigned in court with charges of robbery, then the case may take two major directions, they court may terminate the proceeding on grounds of insufficient evidence or the case may proceed if the court est ablishes grounds for the case. At this point, the defendant may be sentenced to imprisonment if found guilty. The main aim of the German Judicial process is to reform the individual, protect the public from such criminal offences that the individual may commit. Additionally, the

Victorian author Essay Example for Free

Victorian author Essay Victorian authors and painters give a good representation of what life must have been like for the people of that period. John Ritchie’s painting, â€Å"A Summer’s Day in Hyde Park†, for instance shows that, while people in the Victorian era might have been overly-dressed, they certainly were not without their fair share of amusement. In the bottom, right hand corner of the painting, a gentleman can be seen rowing a lady (perhaps his wife) and a young girl (perhaps his daughter), home in a boat. The entire family has come to the beach for an outing a site less often seen in modern days, where families (and especially elderly relatives) tend to be a bit sedentary. Meanwhile, in the background of the picture, A gentleman can be seen riding by in a carriage, tipping his hat to his neighbors as he passes. The writing of Victorian authors suggests that the fact that a man own’s a carriage means he has some wealth. In William Thackeray’s Vanity Fair, for instance, Becky Sharp comments that the â€Å"acquirement of that dignified deportment and carriage† is â€Å"requisite for every young lady of fashion. † (Thackaray, 2005, p. 1) In the left hand corner of the painting, an officer in a red coat can be seen resting wearily on the bench next to a lady who seems to be paying no attention to him at all. The lady next to her may be giving the officer some attention, but it is impossible to tell, because her face has no detail. It is merely a blotch of paint. Still, because her head is tilted upward, it seems reasonable to believe she might be speaking to the officer. Indeed, if there is any truth to how Victorian authors portray the importance of soldiers to young women, then the viewer can be fairly certain that she is attending to the officer. For in William Thackeray’s Vanity Fair, officers are some of the most ardent admirers of the main characters, Miss Sharp and Miss Amelia. Although there is much merriment depicted in Ritchie’s painting, there is something disturbing about the way he treats the subject of children. Many of them are in the painting, but only one seems to be looked after. Her grandparents, rather than her parents seem to be doing the watching. The reason for this can be seen in Victorian author Charlotte Bronte’s writing, which suggests that children in the Victorian era were sometimes looked upon as inferior to adults. In Jane Eyre, Bronte describes a situation in which Jane’s Aunt says to her the following: Jane, I dont like cavillers or questioners; besides, there is something truly forbidding in a child taking up her elders in that manner. Be seated somewhere; and until you can speak pleasantly, remain silent. (Bronte, 2005, p. 1) It is no wonder, then, that Ritchie’s adults pay such little attention to their children. In conclusion, Victorian painters and authors show that the Victorian era was one of leisure for wealthy adults, but not, perhaps, the most nurturing environment for children. Works Cited Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. 2005. Classic Reader. 19 July 2007. http://www. classicreader. com/read. php/bookid. 31/sec. 1/ Thackaray, William. Vanity Fair. 2005. Classic Reader. 19 July 2007. http://www. classicreader. com/read. php/bookid. 91/sec. 2/kw. acquirement+of+that+dignified/

boom and bust :: essays research papers

Boom or Bust: Prohibition Coursework Was it bound to fail? A-: Study source A and B. How far do these two accounts agree and prohibition? Source a is dealing with two different sources but both about the subject which is Prohibition. Many of historians have their own opinion about it, but the main question is of these two-account show much do they agree on about Prohibition. Source A is a section of writing that was published in 1973 and was taken from a history book. They clearly state that historians disagree about what was mainly to blame for the introduction of prohibition. By 1917 twenty-three states had already had the ban instated that is stated in the source. Main possible explanations that are stated in the source are the bad influences saloons, wartime concern for preserving grain for food, feeling against the German Americans who were important in brewing and distilling and the influence of the Anti-saloon league t a time when large numbers of men were absent in the armed forces. Even though many people were against prohibition on the other hand there were many people who were for it. This is shown in the source when they state the twenty-three states had already become ‘dry’. The source also states that is was mainly men this is shown when they say that the armed forces numbers were very low. The reason that there were bad feelin g between the Americans and the German Americans were because World War 1 had not taken place to long ago. The source also states that it had created the biggest criminal boom in American history and perhaps in all modern history. â€Å"No earlier law had gone against the daily customs of so many Americans.† This last sentence of the source is very important because it sums everything into one line and I know that the source agreed with the key question because of that sentence. Source B is taken from a history book as well but was published in 1979. This source explains more what happened after prohibition had come into law. The source tells us about the organisations that were supporting the ban on alcohol such as the Women’s Christian Temperance union and the Anti saloon league. Both of these organisations wanted to put an end to alcholism.they did this by putting pressure on congress to ban the use of grain for either brewing or distilling.

Scm 3301

SCM 3301 Spring 2013 Exam 1 Study Review The exam will cover chapters 1-4 from the textbook. Format: 34 multiple choice questions of approximately equal weightage from each of the four chapters. Resources to study: * Lecture Notes ( If you have missed a class, please obtain the notes from a classmate) * The textbook * Closely read the sections covered in the lectures * Closely read the material related to the main ideas listed below Main Ideas: Chapter One: Describe a supply chain and define supply chain management. * Describe the objectives and elements of supply chain management. * Describe a brief history and some of the trends of supply chain management. * Understand the range of supply chain management activities common to both services and manufacturing * BUY – Supply * MAKE – Operations * SHIP – Logistics * Coordination – Integration * Understand the current trends in Supply Chain Management Chapter Two: Understand the role of supply management and its strategic impact on an organization’s competitive advantage * Understand the profit leverage of effective purchasing * Have a basic knowledge of the manual purchasing process, e-procurement, small value procurement * Understand strategic nature of the â€Å"make or buy† decision * Understand sourcing decisions and the factors impacting supplier selection * Describe the various considerations in assessing the Total Cost of Ownership * Understand how a supplier portfolio is managed Describe the opportunities and challenges of global sourcing Chapter Three: * Explain the importance of supplier partnerships * Understand the key factors for developing successful partnerships * Understand the principles behind the Weighted Criteria Evaluation System * Understand the purpose and creation of a supplier certification program * Explain the importance of a supplier recognition program * Understand the capabilities of Supplier Relationship Management Chapter Four: Define and a ppreciate the trends in ethical and sustainable sourcing * Define and describe the terms: fair trade products green purchasing social sustainability * Describe how ethical and sustainable sourcing strategies are developed and implemented * Understand how Supply Base Rationalization can help improve a company’s ethical and sustainable sourcing * Understand ways that supplier partnerships can help a company’s ethical and sustainable goals * Understand the use of environmental supplier certification and recognition programs

Evaluating Truth And Validity Exercise Essay

The argument â€Å"a mature person is self-directing, so parents who make all their children’s for them are doing their offspring a disservice† has allot of validity to it, and in more ways than one is true. A child whose parents or guardians make all of his or her decisions for them, are in a way hindering the child because the child does not have the opportunity to think for himself. When that child grows up and needs to be able to make important decisions such as what college to go to, who to marry, or what kind of job to apply for, that child will more likely than not, not know how to properly decide based on the information or facts provided to him or her. For instance if a child grows up and is faced with what college to go to and that child has never had to make any important decision for himself, that child may end up in a college going after a degree program that is not truly what he or she wants to do with their life based on what his or her parent tell them t hey should go into. That child has then wasted four to five years of his or her life and has to start all over searching for the proper degree or job where he or she can thrive financially and be happy. There is a minute percent of children who will be able to overcome the mentality of not having to think on his or her own and be able to make the important decisions that need to be made, but at what price? How many times will that child have to make the wrong choice and suffer because they were not allowed to think on their own? The constant failure and rejection could possibly make matters worse for the child, and could lead to relinquishing all hope. The argument â€Å"the Bible can’t be relevant to today’s problems; it was written many centuries ago and is filled with archaic phrasing† is another argument with some validity and non-validity. There are people who claim since the Bible was written over 2,000 years ago that it does not apply to today’s standards, and there are people who say the teachings in the Bible  are meant for all people to follow as a general guideline. The argument can go either way, but if you look at what the Bible really is, it is a book with stories, such as a history book, about people who lived 2,000 plus years ago and the things they went through. If you were to say because it was written back a long time ago it does not apply to today’s standards, would be the same thing as saying because our history books teach about Abraham Lincoln and when he lived in the 1700’s, that those stories are irrelevant. The Bible is a book for Christian based people to read, and is intended as a guideline for these people on how to properly live their life. There are many stories in the Bible that may or may not apply to today’s standards, such as the Old Testament teachings, but that is not to say the entire Bible is not relevant to today’s problems. The Bible teaches not to kill and steal, and if 90 percent of people who are in prison followed these two teachings, they would not be in prison today. The other stories about the people who lived in the Bible days are interesting to some, and not to others, as are most history books ever written about the history of the world. Does this mean we need to stop teaching our children about the history of the world because the teachings in the history books occurred over three centuries ago? I think it just because the Bible represents a faith based book, and that is why it is so ridiculed. The argument â€Å"it’s ridiculous to think that there will be fewer deaths if we ban handguns. Handguns don’t kill people; people kill people† has no validity to it in that an actual handgun itself cannot do anything on its own, it is an inanimate object. A handgun or any other type of gun requires a person to physically pick it up, point, and shoot in order to make it operate; a handgun cannot just fire on its own. When people say that handguns kill people, it is the same as saying that a spoon made another person fat, or a car made another person steal it. These are objects that must have an operator or some sort of life force to operate these inanimate objects. Did handguns assist in the killing of a person is a more proper question to ask. If a person wants another person dead and there is not a handgun around, that person will be creative and come up with another means to kill that person. Take John Wayne Gacy for instance, he did not need the use of a handgun to murder hundreds of young boys, he used rope and scarfs  to strangle his victims. There are people who claim without handguns certain crimes would not take place, and that may be possible, but if the person wanting to perform the crime was adamant on doing it and did not have a gun, that person would use alternative measures to finish the crime.

Clemencias revenge Professor Ramos Blog

Clemencias revenge Never marry a Mexican is a short story which the author Sandra Cisneros explains how the main character Clemencia went through seeing her mother having an affair while her father was bedridden, it made Clemencia make poor choices by sleeping with married men throughout her life. Her mother would always tell Clemencia and her sister Ximena to â€Å" never marry a Mexican† she took this to heart.clemenica would tell her self that she would marry a Mexican but never really marry anyone at all. She feels that since she now has this experience has made her the person she is today â€Å"I’m vindictive and cruel and I’m capable of anything† (Cisneros 68). She doesn’t really see what she does wrong all she can think about how stupid their wives are from the multiple married men she has been with. This makes her angry towards her mother for her infidelity and marrying someone who is not Mexican. Clemencia felt that once her mother’s new husband and ki ds moved into their fathers house that she stopped being a mother. She wanted to belong to someone but instead, she borrowed men. This lead to her having an affair with her teacher Drew. Drew was married to Megan but nothing stopped him from seeing Clemencia. Drew then had a child with Megan and Clemencia was feeling okay about it. They eventually stopped seeing each other and moved on with their lives. Now fast forward to Drew’s son who is almost done with high school, Clemencia said: â€Å" I’ve been waiting patient like a spider all the years† (Cisneros 75). Cisneros stories would leave you having a memorable, cringy and humorous stories. I felt since she never had Drew for herself Clemencia wanted â€Å"to make the boy love me the way I love his father†. (Cisneros 82). She loves the feeling that she has the power of men in her hands she likes to have control and that’s what she had with Drew and his son. The boy would do anything for her because he loves her but little does he know that she has been having an affair with his father. What do you think he’ll do if he ever finds out? That she’s only using him as revenge. She took his son under her wing and is sleeping with at would him. She even slept with Drew when his wife gave birth to their son. which I think it’s crazy and a little creepy. She just wanted revenge and she got it by sleeping with his son. Which I think is a great comeback. She would always remember what Drew would tell her things like he loves her, calls her his doradita. Did she ever think about how Drew would lead her on? And technically she isn’t cheating. Drew is the one who is cheating and is sleeping with the Clemencia. A couple of days before they broke off their affair Clemencia was at Drew’s house having dinner. She goes to her backpack and grabs a bag of gummy bears and puts them in her pocket and walks to his wife’s room. She then began to put gummy bears in Megan’s belongings such as lipsticks, look through her medicine cabinet and the babushka dolls that Drew gave to her. She only put it in spots where Megan would notice it. There isn’t a reason why she did that, maybe she was feeling a little humorous and to just fuck with her. Maybe she wanted to let her know that she was here, or is she trying to break up their marriage. Instead, she said maybe Drew would make an excuse to cover it up. He would blame the â€Å"the cleaning woman’s Mexican voodoo† (Cisneros 81). she then took the smallest doll from the babushka dolls and pulled over by a bridge on her way home and threw the doll in the water. It made her feel better. Which I do think is a little str ange. She would also lay awake at night thinking about suicide and killing someone she then said: â€Å"except it’s not me who I want to kill†. It could be a possibility she was talking about Drew or maybe she wants to kill Megan. Drew is all she thinks about; she tries so hard to try not to call him even though she knows that Drew would tell her to leave him alone. He doesn’t want anything to do to her which then angers her. She just wants someone for herself and she wants to be told that everything is okay, I also feel like she needs validation from someone to make her feel better. She might even have a mental illness. On the other hand, Clemencia just wants to hurt Drew like how he hurt her. She is a vengeful woman and her sleeping with his son is her way of expressing her feelings of revenge, I wonder what she is going to with Drew’s son. Maybe she’ll keep having a sexual relationship with him or maybe they will get married. Another possibility would be she broke it off with him. For once she could be thinking she wants nothing to do with him anymore. She could have possibly moved on with her life and learn that she needs to stop sleeping with married men because at the end they’re not hers because they are all married and she is very aware of the things she does with men yet she always ends up being left alone. Which if not good for her mental health. She believes that she is unworthy because she sleeps with married men she would have them in her power but in reality, they really are not. Because they don’t leave their wives for her. The men think that their family is more important than breaking off the marriage or getting divorced. Ho know maybe this time around she would stop sleeping with married men and sleep with single men and she wouldn’t have to worry about â€Å"la otra† because shell have someone to love and they would love her back. Works citied: Cisenros, Sandra. Women hollering creek and other stories. Bloomsbury, 2004.

buy custom Hearsay Rule essay

buy custom Hearsay Rule essay The purpose of this paper is to discuss about Hearsay Rule embodied under Article VIII, Rule 801 of the Republic Rules of Evidence. I will attempt to discuss the meaning of Hearsay and the dangers of hearsay testimony. Hearsay is defined as a statement taken from out-of-courts in writing or oral to be presented as proof of evidence to assert the truth of the matter as evidence. Hearsay is not admissible in court unless it is supported by circumstantial evidence in the interest of justice upon the discretion of the prosecutor. I will discuss the rule against hearsay and the exclusions from hearsay, regardless of whether the declarant is present or not. Under Article XIII of the Federal Rules of Evidence No. 801, Hearsay is defined as a voluntary statement made by the declarant other than the witness in evidence asserting the truth of a statement made outside the court trial or hearing. Suffice it to say, hearsay as a rule is not admissible in court as a valid statement hence it is considered null and void unless otherwise allowed by the court as an exception to the rule and exemption from that rule thereby allowing hearsay testimony based on the statement made by the complainant. Second, hearsay is considered legal and binding if the second party takes oath in court and testifies as to the credibility of his/her assertion and made it in writing or orally on the course of event and the time it happened (Hinkle et al). An out-of-court declaration may be admissible called declaration against interest if said testimony was an assertive statement. Nevertheless, out-of-court statements should be taken under oath by the second party subject for approval upon the judges discretion (FRE Rule 801). Hearsay is usually done either in writing by the witness or orally during interrogation (Steven, M 2007). Hearsay is therefore a statement asserted by the defendant against the witness to escape from getting convicted. The witness may face confusing situation during cross-examination if he/she is merely fabricating a story. Direct cross-examination of the witness will catch him/her off-guard when conflicting ideas occur. The lawyer of the defendant may try to inject commentaries to the declarants statement to confuse and discredit the witness. This is one of the most difficult situations faced by many practitioners. At the same time, this is also the losing point of the complainant if there are some inconsiste ncies made by the declarant. Direct statement offered to prove a certain incident is very hard to disprove. Say, Witness A was a witness to what Witness B (declarant) had declared. This is very strong evidence presented against the defendant. On the other hand, inconsistencies during cross-examination through hearsays alone could be very dangerous due to the following reasons: 1) Ambiguity, 2) Insincerity, 3) Incorrect Memory and 4) Inaccurate Memory. This indicates that the declarant may not be available for interrogation. Therefore, out-of-court statements may not be reliable enough to win a certain case. There are two rules for the exception. One is when a person utters certain statement during a startling event. Secondly, when a statement was being made by the declarant under stress of excitement near the time when the act took place. This is called excited utterance exception under number 2 of Article VIII of FRE- Rule 803. Below is a sample diagram showing testimonial triangle depicting Os statement will be considered hearsay if the trier or fact-finder travels from point A to B going down to C. testified that the light was broken (A). O (declarant) once testified that the light was broken. During the cross-examination, O (declarant) was no longer certain but it was recorded arlier when O was so agitated in giving the details after the act was committed. At this point in time, the statement made by O was credible enough leading to point B on the belief that the light was indeed broken. Psychologically, a person is telling the truth when he/she is at the height of excitement and blurting what occurred without thinking that he/she will turn out to be the witness. In conclusion, Os statement was reliable that the light was broken (shown as C). Os statement is not hearsay (Steven, E. 2007) Exclusions from Hearsay are those statements made by the declarant testifying to the incident in question subject to cross-examination. A statement is not considered hearsay if the declarants testimony was done under oath or under penalty of perjury during trials and hearings in court or in case of deposition. Further, a statement is not considered hearsay if the declarant identifies the same individual as testified prior to the trial. This proves that the assertion made by the declarant is not considered hearsay. The rule against hearsay has lots of exceptions that may be admissible in court without the presence of the declarant. There are about 24 exceptions under the federal rules (FRE- Rule 803) which do not require proofs of evidence even without the declarant, viz: Present Sense Impression A statement made by the declarant describing a situation which allegedly took place. Excited Utterance A startling statement made by the declarant who was still under stress on certain condition when the event happened. Then-Existing Mental, Emotional, or Physical Condition A statement made by the declarants present state of mind or physical condition when a certain event happened. Statement Made for Medical Diagnosis or Treatment A statement made as to medical history of certain condition on how it occurred and what was its cause. Recorded Recollection A statement made by the witness once but couldnt recall the whole situation in an accurate manner. Second, it could be a statement made by the witness when a certain event was still fresh in his/her memory vividly describing how it occurred. If accepted, the recorded statement may be read and marked as an exhibit as one of the underlying evidences. Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity A recorded history of certain event or condition with knowledgeable person or has been officially recorded during official business of company organization or on official calls and/or for private use only. If the recording was done regularly, the custodian may be a qualified witness or can issue a certification as to the authenticity of information gathered. Absence of a Record of a Regularly Conducted Activity A recorded event can be made as proof of evidence that an alleged complaint did not take place or even existed. Public Records Official records of office activities are trustworthy evidences. Public Records of Vital Statistics - Legal records of birth, death and marriage are valid proofs of evidences. Absence of a Public Record A testimony or certification certifying that such record in question does not actually exist. Records of Religious Organizations Concerning personal or Family History Recordedd history of religious organization such as birth, baptismal, ancestry, marriage, divorce, death, family tree, etc. Certificates of Marriage, Baptism and similar ceremonies Legal records of ceremonies at the time the act was made as certified by the person performing the act. Family records These are legal facts of family records that may be taken a legal evidence without being contested such as the Bible, family tree, representations, ring engraves, inscriptions on portraits, urn or burial markers. Records of Documents That Affect an Interest in Property - Legal documents of properties are legal and binding if they are duly signed by its owner with copies furnished and archived in public office. Statements in Documents That Affect an Interest in Property A statement contained in a document concerning its property is considered authentic unless contested following due process of law. Statements in Ancient Documents An authentic documentary statement archived within 20 years. Market Reports and Similar Commercial Publication Public records such as receipts, lists, yellow pages or compilations are considered reliable sources as evidence. Statements in Learned Treatises, Periodicals or Pamphlets The statement comprised in treatise, periodical or pamphlet may be examined by an expert as required by the court to support evidences but not as an exhibit. Reputation Concerning Personal or Family History A statement of family lineage can be considered solid evidences of family reputation in the community. Reputation Concerning Boundaries or General History A family background is greatly considered in case of any disputes affecting land boundaries or map relocations. Reputation Concerning Character Character check of an individual. Judgment of a Previous Conviction Evidence signifying final decision of conviction after legal proceedings or a guilty plea has been made; a conviction with death penalty or one year imprisonment; the evidence is acceptable if it is relevant for the judgment and when the prosecutor offer the final conviction in criminal cases aside from being impeached, the judgment would be against the respondent pending an appeal as the case may be but it does not affect in any way its admissibility. Judgments Involving Personal, Family or General History or a Boundary An adjudication permitting to establish matters based on evidence presented in connection with private matters, general history or boundaries. The Catch All Rule or other exceptions Otherwise known as Residual Exceptions, hearsay may be admissible so long as it will serve the purpose in the interest of giving fair judgment. This has been transferred to Rule 807. 801 of FRE describes that a court must establish the declarants intention to assert whether an act of communicating is considered a statement. In as much that the declarant is often unavailable when out-of-court information is presented as evidence in which courts tend to depend on the circumstantial evidence by the declarants assertion. There is no certainty on the declaration of the witness which could possibly be used as evidence upon the judges discretion. Current Rule 801 was created to transfer the yoke to the adversary of the out-of-court statement to attest that the declarant exerted more effort instead of the proponent who generally have pertinent proof of evidence and that the unavailability of the declarant during cross-examination is an indication that no effort has been done to present such assertions. On the premise that there was no intention to oblige the declarant to personally answer during cross-examination is rather biased and not in accordance with what would na turally be assumed that could obfuscate the hearsay rule (American Advisory AUCL). Buy custom Hearsay Rule essay

5 Independent Presidents Who Won in U.S. History

5 Independent Presidents Who Won in U.S. History Donald Trump has said he might run for president in 2016 as an independent if he doesnt get the respect or the nomination from Republicans. And if you think launching an independent presidential campaign is a fools errand - the chances of winning are infinitesimal - consider the impact Ralph Nader, Ross Perot and others like them have had on the electoral process.   What Is an Independent Candidate? The primary role of the independent candidate in modern politics is that of spoiler. And while spoiler is an unpopular role to play he is often able to leverage his position to curry favor for himself and friends. Trumps currency of choice seems to be attention, and as long as hes getting some its very likely the billionaire real estate developer might just blow enough of his own money to hang around through the 2016 general election. The question Republicans are asking is whether Trump would siphon off enough votes from the Republican presidential nominee so as to hand the presidency to the Democrats. Many conservatives had openly raised the theory that Donald Trump ran as an agent of the Democratic Party, and in particular the Clintons, so as to hand the White House to Hillary. So which independent presidential candidates have done the best? And how many votes did they pick up? Heres a look at the most successful independent presidential candidates in history and how they affected the results. Ross Perot The billionaire Texan Ross Perot won a startling 19 percent of the popular vote in the 1992 presidential election in what many believed was the beginning of a third party in American politics. Democrat Bill Clinton won the election and unseated Republican incumbent President George H.W. Bush, a rare defeat in American politics. Perot also won 6 percent of the popular vote in the 2006 election. Ralph Nader The consumer and environmental advocate Ralph Nader won nearly 3 percent of the popular vote in the close 2000 presidential election. Many observers, primarily Democrats, blame Nader for costing Vice President Al Gore the election against Republican nominee George W. Bush.   John B. Anderson Andersons name is one few Americans remember. But he won nearly 7 percent of the popular vote in the 1980 presidential election won by Republican Ronald Reagan, who pushed Democrat Jimmy Carter out of the White House after one term. Many people blamed Anderson for Carters loss. George Wallace In 1968 Wallace won 14 percent of the popular vote. Republican Richard Nixon defeated Democrat Hubert Humphrey in that election, but Wallaces showing was impressive for an American Independent.   Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt won more than 27 percent of the vote in 1912 when he ran as a progressive candidate. He didnt win. But carrying a quarter of the vote is impressive, especially when you consider the Republican nominee, William Howard Taft, carried only 23 percent. Democrat Woodrow Wilson won with 42 percent of the vote.

Research & Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research & Presentation - Essay Example D.). In keeping up with communication in an organization effectively, and efficiently a Human Resources manager is overseeing the importance of proper communication between lower level Human Resource managers, and senior level Human Resource managers. Having a stable, and reliable Information Technology system will ensure that the Human Resource managers will be kept up to date, and promptly informed if there is a change in anything, anywhere in the organization. This means if an organization is a multinational company the organization will benefit from having an up-to-date Information Technology department. The Human Resource management team will be able to communicate effectively, and efficiently with Human Resource managers in another nation. Having an effective, and reliable Information Technology system is important because if the Human Resources management team is not able to communicate effectively and efficiently with members of the team within the organization, the company w ill not remain competitive. Before a company can remain competitive a company needs to implement an Information Technology department, and everyone within the organization needs to communicate effectively, and efficiently. Company’s who are not contemporary companies and make use of Information Technology, and the computer cannot compete effectively with larger, more experienced companies who do utilize Information Technology. The Human Resources manger is able to keep files on employees in a database on the computer. The database is part of the Information Technology system. When Human Resource managers maintain records on employees in a database, Human Resource managers are able to maintain accurate information about an employees performance. In keeping accurate information on employee performances Human Resource managers will know when it comes time to terminate an employee. Human Resource managers maintain positive information about employees as well. Having the positive information at the Human Resource managers fingertips will allow a Human Resources manager to know when to give an employee a raise. Traditionally, Human Resource managers would maintain accurate information on the employee benefits package. This was done manually, and the information was stored in a file in a filing cabinet in the Human Resource managers office. Today, the Human Resource management team will maintain accurate information on employee benefit packages through the use of a database. This information can be shared with other Human Resource managers, and others within the organization who are in need of the information with the use of the Information Technology system. With the use of a reliable, and effective Information Technology system senior Human Resource managers are able to effectively communicate within the organization a number of important information. The Human Resource managers have come to rely on the Information Technology system to effectively do their j ob. When a company has an Information Technology system in place the company can effectively communicate within the organization whether, or not the company is a multinational company. The Information

Parents Response Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parents Response Reflection - Essay Example In answering the questions of the parents, I believe that I should be armed with the thorough knowledge and understanding of these preset standards in order to provide them with an adequate and accurate comprehension of their children's development. I choose to base this reflection in the national standard in science from grades K to four which can be downloaded at EducationWorld.com and is attached as an appendix. According to this standard, these grade levels should be able to grasp seven concepts of understanding: science as inquiry; physical science; life science; earth and space science; science and technology; personal and social perspectives; and history of nature and science. It should be noted that these concepts should be thoroughly taught by the teacher through the use of different activities, techniques, and communication style which are suitable to the age and level of understanding of students. Teaching science is one of the most interesting and equally challenging tasks of a teacher who is handling children at very young ages. In answer to the parent's question of how his child is performing inside the classroom, it is very much important to consider the preset standards against the perceived understanding, reception, participation, and output of the student. The child's performance should of course be in consideration with his age and the performance of his peers. It should be noted that a six year old child cannot be expected to memorize the entire periodic table or name all the bones in the body. Thus, the performance should be based on his ability and knowledge acquired from attending the classes. A good measure of a student's performance will be his grades in activities like recitations, quizzes, examinations, and home works. All of these should be mentioned to the parents in order to them to generate an adequate level of understanding on their children's performance . Another measure will be to compare the performance of the child to his classmates. This will give an idea the development of the child with his age group. The question of how I am helping the child to meet the national standards should reflect my recognition of the differing needs of each student and how I specifically tailor my teaching style in order to accommodate these differences. It will also be very important to highlight the various activities which are provided to the class in order for them to readily grasp an understanding of the concepts which are taught. For example, lectures are important but this will rather be boring for small children. Thus, they should be complemented with simple experiments, exercises, field trips, among others. Experiments will allow students to unlock the scientific concepts through firsthand experience while making them familiar with the process that scientists need to conduct first in order to validate their claims. In addition to these explanations, it will also be important to stress the difference of each child and how their specific needs are being met. In my experience, students learn at their own pace which is usually different from their peers. Also, some students learn through different techniques and circumstances. Thus, there is a need to have various activities and teaching techniques which will benefit everyone. In

Leadership Effectiveness, Leadership Style and Employee Readiness Essay

Leadership Effectiveness, Leadership Style and Employee Readiness - Essay Example In SLT, leadership effectiveness is thought to be enhanced if "a manager uses the style of leadership that best matches the readiness, ability and willingness of subordinates and that a good match between leadership style and subordinate readiness leads to a higher level of subordinate satisfaction and performance." (Chen & Silverthorne, 2005, pp.280-288). The focus of this article was primarily to thoroughly view, discuss, and advise on the topic of proper leadership. The matter of how truly crucial good leadership is (in the workplace) and how the actions of the leader(s) affect the overall outcome is a major point of discussion in the article, with Chen and Silverthorne's main precept being that as the level of follower readiness increases, so will that of the leader, and that "a leader's task and behaviors interact with subordinate readiness to significantly influence leader effectiveness, which is defined as the extent to which a follower demonstrates the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task." (Chen & Silverthorne, 2005, pp.280-288). In other words, the way a leader behaves and interacts and the methods he uses with employees incredibly affect the ability and will... In other words, the way a leader behaves and interacts and the methods he uses with employees incredibly affect the ability and willingness the employees (or 'followers') will have to accomplish specific tasks. What are Three Major Findings we can Draw From This Article The first and perhaps most significant finding which can be drawn after a review of this article is that of how incredibly crucial proper leadership is. It is the leaders who make the greatest impact, whether physically, emotionally, or efficiently; it has been said that leaders "have a strong influence on employee and organizational outcomes." (Vries et al, 1998, pp.486-501). One of the main sources of job stress has been linked to the organizational climate and staff attitude created by the leadership style of supervisors and managers in the workplace. It is for reasons such as this that Chen and Silverthorne wrote this article; leadership is a critical subject matter in regards to efficient and positive results. Another finding is that of employee satisfaction and how important a factor it is in the overall scheme of things. "It has long been believed that employee satisfaction increases employee performance and productivity and satisfaction and performance are correlated." (Lucas, 1999, pp.774-778). Voluntary turnover occurs when an employee terminates the employment relationship themselves. In 2001, Price found that most turnover is voluntary and is, therefore, potentially avoidable and controllable, costly, and disruptive to an organization. (pp.353-508). Whether particularly regarding poor job feedback, job dissatisfaction, unmet job expectations, performance

Write an abstract and make sure the paper and sources are in APA style Research

Write an abstract and make sure the and sources are in APA style - Research Paper Example To account for the differences in learning styles, the paper describes the actions that will be taken throughout the unit. It is also important to evaluate the learning of the students during the classes. For this, the paper describes the methods that will be used to assess learning of the syllabus. Finally, the paper describes the personal experiences and reflections of the author during the past teaching activities and indicates the success factors involved with conducting the course. Don Antonio Lugo High School, located in Chino, California, serves grades 9-12 in the Chino Valley Unified School District. Student body: 2,232. It has received a Great Schools rating of 6 out of 10 based on its performance on state standardized tests. Rational: Contemporary poems and songs are mixed in with old â€Å"classics† to give students a range of poetic experience. Attention is paid to including American, English, and Spanish content, and all the poems are quite accessible. Students will gain practice identifying poetic devices (such as metaphor, personification, imagery, etc.) because even though they may dislike these â€Å"mechanics† of poetry, they may need the information for future standardized exams. The unit involves lots of student participation. In addition to regular group work in class, students are asked to bring in poems or songs they feel are examples of good poetry, and to present these to the rest of the class. They’ll also write poems of their own, which will be shared during an informal â€Å"coffee-house class† during the final class of the poetry unit. Lots of poetry books, refreshments, chairs in a circle; invitation at the door to take a straw â€Å"sip† some juice and find a poem that you like and would share with the class (sitting down, no presentation). Write the name, poet, book, page # on your invitation before the party is over. (Takes full period – 75 poetry books

ASSIGNMENT 1 CRIMINOLOGY REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ASSIGNMENT 1 CRIMINOLOGY REPORT - Essay Example Their seminal work "Relative Deprivation" (1984) had gained considerable attention in the debate between left and right realism approach to crime alleviation. In their work Lea and Young (1984) address the concept of relative deprivation, and explain that it is not a new phenomenon but an old left realist concept. They explain that crime is the by product of material deprivation and poverty. However, they are of the view that relative deprivation occurs where individuals and groups feel they are deprived of social amenities when compared to fellow group members of similar settings and outlook. Relative deprivation is the term they use to categorize criminal behaviour of individuals in groups who may be considered relatively economically sound but due to other causes and factors, motivate them to engage in criminal or deviant behaviour. This explains the behaviour of religious uprising, social movements, disputes, and similar radical movements. Relative deprivation is unlike absolute deprivation which is a biological deprivation phenomenon. Moreover, they explain that relative deprivation helps explain the criminal behaviour of individuals within an otherwise economically sound environment. Riots, uprising and social movements etc. are the collective responses of relative deprivation. This is different than individual crime and, collective criminal activities. Relative deprivation helps one to understand social, religious and political disorders; but more importantly it helps sociologists and policy makers to understand and respond to crime and deviance from a multi-causal perspective. Lea and Young are of the view that there is no single factor which accounts for criminal behaviour. Instead, criminal behaviour comprises of subculture behaviour, relative deprivation and marginalization. When these are linked with other factors such as economic, social or religious etc., then the significance of the crime is explanatory under relative deprivation theory. The

Write an abstract and make sure the paper and sources are in APA style Research

Write an abstract and make sure the and sources are in APA style - Research Paper Example To account for the differences in learning styles, the paper describes the actions that will be taken throughout the unit. It is also important to evaluate the learning of the students during the classes. For this, the paper describes the methods that will be used to assess learning of the syllabus. Finally, the paper describes the personal experiences and reflections of the author during the past teaching activities and indicates the success factors involved with conducting the course. Don Antonio Lugo High School, located in Chino, California, serves grades 9-12 in the Chino Valley Unified School District. Student body: 2,232. It has received a Great Schools rating of 6 out of 10 based on its performance on state standardized tests. Rational: Contemporary poems and songs are mixed in with old â€Å"classics† to give students a range of poetic experience. Attention is paid to including American, English, and Spanish content, and all the poems are quite accessible. Students will gain practice identifying poetic devices (such as metaphor, personification, imagery, etc.) because even though they may dislike these â€Å"mechanics† of poetry, they may need the information for future standardized exams. The unit involves lots of student participation. In addition to regular group work in class, students are asked to bring in poems or songs they feel are examples of good poetry, and to present these to the rest of the class. They’ll also write poems of their own, which will be shared during an informal â€Å"coffee-house class† during the final class of the poetry unit. Lots of poetry books, refreshments, chairs in a circle; invitation at the door to take a straw â€Å"sip† some juice and find a poem that you like and would share with the class (sitting down, no presentation). Write the name, poet, book, page # on your invitation before the party is over. (Takes full period – 75 poetry books

Learning Support System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Learning Support System - Assignment Example 3. Pay for goods f. Sell Learning Package 1. Book appointment with parent 2. Assess child's needs 3. Work out starting level on the learning program 4. Fill order form with parent g. Order Learning Material 1. Receive information about LSS services 2. Send interest form to LSS branch office 3. Book appointment with consultant 4. Fill order form 5. Pay for learning package 6. Receive learning package h. Administer Stage Test 1. Send assessment request to LSS 2. Receive stage test 3. Supervise stage test 4. Send test for marking i. Study 1. Study video and workbook 2. Do stage exam 3. Advance to next stage on passing Alternative: Last stage of level 3a. Advance to the next level if current stage is the last stage in the current level Alternative: Last stage of last level 3a. Finish learning program j. Manage Sales and Stock 1. Record customer details, where leads come from, consultant who made the sale and child's progress 2. Update stock level 3. Re-order automatically if reorder level is reached iii) For Process Assessment the primary scenario would be 1. Receive request for assessment by phone or by Assessment Request Form from parents 2. Send stage test 3. Receive and mark test 4. Send letter of congratulations and stage certificate The secondary scenario would be: 1. Receive request for assessment by phone or by Assessment Request Form from parents 2. Send stage test 3. Receive and mark test 4. Send letter of congratulations and stage certificate Also send level certificate along with a request for consultant to visit family if this is the last stage of a level. 1. A use case enables a systems developer to capture the functional requirements of systems. It does this by providing one of more scenarios that map to how the users interact with...It provides a divide-and-conquer approach to requirements analysis since the developer can focus on one part of a system at a time. A use case meets a specific business goal and thus the use case allows the developer to analyze requirement, one business goal at a time. An example is the use case "Buy Learning Materials". This use case spells out clearly the steps a Parent role takes to acquire learning materials for a Child role. Therefore, a use case provides a clear direction to a system developer. A use case is reusable because of the rich view it provides. A use case will therefore help systems developer not only during requirements gathering but also as a guideline during development. It can also form the basis of systems documentation much latter. The use case diagram for LSS above reveals the different components of the system under development allowing the systems developer to develop the system in a modular manner. He can start with the use cases that are considered more urgent/important by the users. Use cases provide alternative scenarios thus enabling a systems developer to accommodate many behaviors of a system.

Total Quality Management Essay Example for Free

Total Quality Management Essay INTRODUCTION The level of risk and uncertainties in operation of contemporary business requires that managers of businesses come up with unique decision-making that will bring about strategies, which their rivals would find difficult to imitate. This will position them in a vintage point of curving a niche over their competitors. Information technology is a useful tool that enhances the modeling process for business organization; which ensure effective decision making process. Business intelligence tool in recent times have greatly assisted business organizations in fashioning out effective strategies that would position their organizations i9n meeting their objectives and goals by adequately utilizing its resources to cope with the environment they operate in. an organization need to carry out a vibrant, pragmatic and effective strategy for it to adequately compete in an industry with high dynamic level of ways of conducting business, and high level of uncertainties and risks. Thus, to have that strategy that would give the organization a niche over its rivals, business intelligence tools are used by reorganization in supporting their strategic planning and strategic management. According to Vriens (2004), Due to the increasing complexity and dynamics of the environment the need to produce relevant ‘actionable’ intelligence is increasing as well. Because, of, for instance, increased global competition, (speed and impact of) political changes, and rapid technological developments. With the rapid changes and stiff competition the selection of the right business intelligent tool would go along way in bringing about effective strategic management which result in total quality management. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF TERMS Quality: According to Dale (2003: 4), the term  Ã‚  Ã‚   quality has no universally accepted definition. But it is usually associated with distinguishing one organization product, service, event, person, result, action or communication from another. â€Å"Internationally definition of quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements.† â€Å"It is also defined as that which gives complete consumers satisfaction.†Ã‚   (Bert Dearborn Ltd, cited in Dale 2003) USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AS BASIS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION TQM entails the delivery of quality in every process of organizational operations. Through information technology tools, which comprises of business intelligence tools, adequate planning is ensured, which result in quality delivery. Business Intelligence tools, such as data mining, data warehousing, OLAP etc, support an organization in its strategic management plans. This, they do by providing the organization with the necessary data in which its strategic plans are based upon. Effective strategic management, which entails immediate strategic planning and long-term forecast plans, has to depend on the availability of vital information for it to adequately meet the organization’s objectives and goals. This information needed to support the strategic management of an organization is derived from the database provided by different business intelligence tools. Database derived from business intelligence tools, such as Data Mining (DM), forms the bases on which strategic management information are derived for planning for an organization. According to Thearling (1995), Database marketing supports a variety of business processes. It involves transforming a database into business decisions. For building a new catalog for a retailing business, the historical database of customers would be utilized; this will include information on their location, zip code, sex, age etc. database marketing software would use this information to build a model of customer behavior that would generate a mailing list of customers most likely to respond to a new catalog. The catalog built, would enable the marketing organization to strategize in line with the information derived from the data mining process. This goes to show that data mining business intelligence tool is a supporting tool for strategic planning and not a solution-proffering tool for business problem (ibid). The importance of generating vital information for effective decision making through the aid of business intelligence tool, is further buttressed by Vriens (2004), To (re-) formulate their strategy; organizations need to collect and process information about their environment- about, for instance, competitors, customers, suppliers, governments, technological trends or ecological developments. FOUR STAGES OF TQM THAT IS OPERATED THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN AN ORGANIZATION The aim of TQM in an organization is to bring about perfection in the processes of an organization. This perfection leads to qualitative service delivery, which results in the satisfaction of clients needs. There are four stages in the implementation of Total quality Management (TQM) for an organization. Information technology plays significant roles in the effective and efficient accomplishment of these four TQM stages. The four identified stages to a successful implementation of TQM in an organisation include: The diagnostic phase: under this phase the organisations seek to find out those ways and pattern it would operate in order to bring about the delivery of quality service to its customers. In TQM diagnostic stage, it is mostly focus in analytical thinking. Its strength is in developing simple problem-solving algorithms that can be easily disseminated for mass use. Its Diagnostic methods are based on linear- cause-and-effect relationships. This makes TQM most effective in dealing with physical properties and the types of problems that can be isolated. The Diagnostic phase involves the setting out of questions that is vital in brining about a positive turn around in the quality state of products or services to the consumer. Diagnostic methods of TQM are based on linear- cause-and-effect relationships. This makes TQM most effective in dealing with physical properties and the types of problems that can be isolated. The diagnostic phase in TQM has to with raising questions about those functional part of the organisation activity, that is not well carried out. Thus, solutions on how these observed problem are prescribed the planning stage of TQM has to do with the drawing out of ways in which the diagnosed problem and intended functions for improvement, how they would be carried out.Diagnostic methods of TQM are based on linear- cause-and-effect relationships. This makes TQM most effective in dealing with physical properties and the types of problems that can be isolated. In this stage of TQM implementation those fundamental question can be diagnosed through business intelligent information tools, such as data mining, data warehousing. These business intelligient tools provide the data on which diagnoses could be applied on for effective planning. â€Å"Careful planning and goal setting during the diagnostic stage can overcome many of the problems of evaluation and institutionalization, especially where TQM is in place. Diagnostic information can be obtained from observations, questionnaires, interviews, and records. This stands as a major source of deriving a useful tool in analyzing and seeing those sphere of the organizational activities where quality performance can be improved upon. Thus, vital questions are raised in this effect†. (Jamshid 2005). Under this phase, decisions are made on those alternative that best suit the situation at hand. Also, decision on who should operate the different functions in the organization is decided upon and which material option is preferred to the other and that should be adopted. The importance of the diagnostic stage of TQM is that it is used in identifying problems and solving problems. Thus, it is very vital in the process of an organisation’s TQM implementation. The next stage is the Planning stage in the TQM implementation. Planning consists of strategic planning and developing more short-term detailed plans. Thus, in the TQM planning stage, this involves a strategic plan on which course to take in implementing the company’s TQM, to make it a successful venture. Furthermore, according to Thomas (1995), TQM must be built into other systems, particularly those involving planning and rewards. Leaders should expect a long-term process, including a transition period. They will need to be persistent, using constant reinforcement, for example, through continuous training. Cohen and Brand suggest that TQM should eventually be made an invisible part of the organization, permeating all areas and the responsibility of everyone. In the view of Nurre (2005), in the planning stage, managers make decisions concerning which alternatives should be selected. Financial information is often a vital component of this decision-making. Once the alternatives have been selected, detailed planning is possible. These detailed plans are usually stated in the form of budgets. The control function of management is aided by performance reports that compare actual performance to the budget. This feedback mechanism directs attention to activities where managerial attention is needed. That data presented by information technology tools gives the decision maker the choice to make the right by choosing the most feasible and productive alternative. The strategy preparation stage has to do with the identification and solving of quality issues by involving all management and supervision in a proper scheme of training and communication. Here, the organisation is oriented along the organisation’s move to bring about top quality in all its services, targets are set and these information are further relayed to subordinates to keep them abreast with the organisation strategy. The role of information technology comes to play in the area of information dissemination to top-level managers who are to partake in the implementation of the organization strategy on TQM. In addition, suggestions from the senior workers are welcome in drawing the strategy on which the organisation seeks to operate. This is also derived by the proper utilization of information technology tools. TQM strategy preparation requires systematic changes in management practice, including the redesign of work, the redefinition of managerial roles, the redesign of organizational structures, the learning of new skills by employees at all levels, and the reorientation of organizational goals. These make all the organizational functions to be directed at bringing out the best quality as outcome in every stage of the organizational activities.   â€Å"The strategy is based as the systems concepts and structured around the business processes of an organization. Such an approach makes the entire system documentation user-friendly and therefore easily implementable and upgradeable, in response to changing needs.† (Nandi, 2005). TQM’s strategy preparation stage, thus requires systematic changes in management practice, including the redesign of work, the redefinition of managerial roles, the redesign of organizational structures, the learning of new skills by employees at all levels, and the reorientation of organizational goals. It becomes very important in the TQM implementation because it gets the organization ready for the proper implementation of the TQM. Thus, this leads to the organization success. The implementation stage is the carrying out of service or giving customer the quality product to meet their needs as they envisage it. Under this stage, everybody including the supplier and consumer are linked in the quality chain of the TQM of the organisation. Current approaches to total quality implementation initially, when managers do TQ they tend to utilize exemplars specific to, and introduce bundles of activities primarily from, one mindset Many managers measure the success of their TQ implementation programmes in terms of increases in systems predictability, reductions in waste or system leakage, and improvements in system outputs per unit of input (Ibid). In this stage, there is the need to rely always on a control measure as a way of checking and preventing the TQM strategy from derailing and missing its target. Thus, statistical data need to be taken to see the satisfaction of clients from time to time. This information is derived from business intelligent tools. CONCLUSION The contribution of information technology to an organization strategic process is of great importance when such organization which to embrace total quality management. Through basic business intelligence tools like Data mining, Data warehousing, Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), Queries etc. the vital information needed for effective strategic planning is derived from databases. Also, these tools give the organization the medium of transmitting its information across the organization. Data mining brings about those hidden information unknown to an organization to utilize this for its advantage, while Data warehouse through its software collate those redundant data in the organization’s database and formulate a database useful for its planning process. The utilization of business intelligence tools requires that it is structured to suit the organization’s problem. Hence, it requires that a great understanding of an organization is known to the experts and practitioners of these business intelligence tools for it to be effective in aiding the organization in strategic drives in meeting its objectives and long term goals. BIBLIOGRAPHY Chopoorian, John A. et al (2001), Mind Your Business by Mining Your Data in SAM Advanced Management Journal Vol. 66, No. 2 Dale, B. (Ed.) (2003), Managing Quality 4th edition. Blackwell. Oxford. Drucker, Peter (1969), The Age of Discontinuity: Guidelines to Our Changing Society, New York: Harper and Row. Flynn, B.B. Flynne, E. J. (1996), â€Å"Achieving Simultaneous Cost and Differentiation Competitive Advantage through Continuous Improvement: World Class manufacturing as a Competitive Strategy† in Journal of Managerial Issues. Vol. 8, No. 3 Jamshid Gharajedagi, (2005) â€Å" Making TQM work for America: The interactive design approach† http://www.interactdesign.com/tqm.html (3/ 09/ 2005) Jayamalini, G. (1999) â€Å"An Overview of TQM in Libraries† Documentation Research and Training Centre, Indian Statistical Institute January 6-8. Morris, Foster (1994), â€Å"Regenerating Your TQM Effort: What to Do When It Runs out of Steam† in   The TQM Magazine, Vol. 06 Issue 4 Nandi,S.N. (2005) â€Å"TQM, benchmarking and Sips Division† http://www.npcindia.org/tqm.htm (4/09/2005) Nurre, Rosemary (2005), â€Å"Introduction to management accounting† http://smccd.net/accounts/nurre/online/chtr1.html   (4/11/05) Peter, J. Dowling, et al (2005), Strategic Management: Competition and Globalization (2nd Pacific Rim Edition) Porter, E. Michael (1985), Competitive Advantage: creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York Ringland, Gill (1998), Scenario Planning: Managing For the Future. London: John Wiley Sons Limited Ross, J.E. (1999), Total Quality Management: Text, cases and readings. Florida: St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton. Sims, Ronald R. (2002), Organizational Success through Effective Human Resources Management. Westport, CT: Quorum Books Thearling, Kurt (1995), From Data Mining to Database Marketing DIG White Paper. October http://www.thearling.com/text/wp9502/wp9502.htm (29/09/06) Thomas, Packard, D.S.W (1995), â€Å"TQM And Organizational Change And Development† in Total Quality Management in the Social Services: Theory and Practice. Burton Gummer and Philip McCallion, Eds., Albany, NY: Rockefeller College Press. Vriens, Dirk (2004), The Role of Information and Communication Technology in Competitive Intelligence University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands www.bi-kring.nl/bi-kring/community/partners/contentlev/abk/01chap.pdf (29/09

What Is The Blue Ocean Strategy Commerce Essay

What Is The Blue Ocean Strategy Commerce Essay Blue ocean strategy makes companies to come out of ocean of bloody competition by creating market space which is uncontested and that makes the completion irrelevant. Since, dividing up existing demand and benchmarking the competitors, Blue Ocean strategy is regarding grow demand and break away from the competition. The business universe can be thought as a composition of two kinds of oceans the first is the red ocean and second one is the blue ocean. Red ocean includes all the industries which exist today and it is about the known market space. But on the other side Blue Ocean can be considered as industries which are not in existing today and it is called unknown market space. The industries boundaries are defined and well accepted in the red oceans. In the red oceans the rules of competitive games are well defined. The companies try to take away the greater share of the existing demand. Because there is a cut throat competition that makes the red ocean bloody and products become c ommodities. Blue oceans and Red oceans Blue Ocean can be considered as a fact of the demand creation, untapped market space and greater opportunities of highly profitable growth. Some industries can be created well beyond of the existing industries. But most of the blue oceans are created from the within the red oceans by expanding the industry boundaries which are existing. Since, rules of the game are to be set so competition becomes irrelevant in the blue oceans. Red oceans will always be taken as a matter of business life. When supply exceeds the demand in more industries then the competition for contracting demand will not result in to sustain high performance. Companies will have to go beyond the competition. They will have to create blue oceans to make more profit and growth opportunities. The most focus of strategy work has been on the competition based red ocean strategies in the recent times. But it provided the fairly good understanding about skill of how to compete in competitive environment from analyzing the economic structure of the existing industry. It also helped in making a choice between strategic positions of differentiation or low cost or focus, to benchmark the competition. Strategy followed over the time period This term blue oceans may be new but their existence is not new at all. These are an important feature of business life, past and present. If we look back 100 years and ask ourselves, How many of todays industries were not existing then? Probably the answer can be seen as many industries as basic as petrochemicals, music recording, automobiles, aviation, management consulting and health care, were unheard of or had just started to evolve at that time. If we look back only 30 years then again we see, a multibillion-dollar industries came out like cell phones, mutual funds, biotechnology, gas-fired electricity plants, express package delivery, minivans discount retail, , snowboards, home videos, coffee bars and many more. If we take and try to see just three decades ago, not one of those industries was existing in a significant way. Now we see forward twenty years or perhaps fifty years and ask ourselves how many now unknown industries will likely exist then. If we go by seeing the history as a tool to predict the future, then again the answer is many of them. Some aspects considered to follow this strategy This is the reality that industries never become constant. Industries continuously keep evolving. The some operations related to industries improve, markets get expanded, and players enter and exit as the time passes. This is the fact that history gives us lessons that we have a great underestimated capability and capacity to create new industries and re-create the existing ones. The services sector which were under the old system, for example, now have been expanded into seven business sectors ranging from information to health care and social assistance. As given that these systems are designed for standardization and continuity, such a replacement shows how important the expansion of blue oceans has been. As we have noticed that the overriding focus of strategic thinking has been on competition based red ocean strategies. Creating blue ocean impact It can be quantified the impact of creating blue oceans on a firms growth in terms of both revenues and profits based on the studied data. It has been found that 86% of the new launches were extensions in the line that can be said as incremental improvements within the red ocean of known market space and those accounted for mere 62% of total revenues and mere 39% of total profits. The rest 14% of the launches were targeted at creating blue oceans and they created 38% of total revenues and 61% of total profits. Forces behind the blue ocean strategy The several driving forces are working behind a rising trend to create blue oceans. The advancements in technology have significantly has improved productivity of industry and made suppliers to produce the maximum possible array of products and services. This resulted in increment in the numbers of industries and supply exceeded demand. This followed trend toward globalization accelerated the situation. The trade barriers between nations and regions are becoming lenient and as the information regarding products and prices become instantly, easily and globally available, the niche markets and chances for monopoly continuously keep disappearing. Although supply is keep on rising as global competition increasing, and it is not providing clear evidence that of an increment in demand worldwide, and statistics or data even pointing towards to declining populations in many developed markets. This has been resulted in increased commoditization of products and services, intensified price wars , and contracting profit margins. Blue ocean help in creating brand For the major services and products categories, brands are normally becoming somewhat similar, and since they are appearing more similar people usually select those products based on price. The customers no longer say and firmly ask, as they insisted in the past, that their laundry detergent be Tide. Because of the overcrowded industries, differentiating brands are appearing harder in both economic downturns and upturns. This shows that the business surrounding environment in which various strategy and management practices of the 20th century evolved that time is now disappearing. Since, red oceans are becoming consistently bloody, management will have to be more concerned with blue oceans. Strategy helps in separating winners from losers The thing that makes the winners separate from losers in creating blue oceans was their strategy. Moreover, the companies running in the red oceans went by a approach which is conventional and going to beat the competition by building a safer condition and position within the industry existed. Those firm or creators of blue oceans, amazingly, did not take the competition as their benchmark. But they implemented a unique and different strategic logic that can be considered as value innovation. Value innovation important for this strategy This Value innovation can be taken as one of the important concerns in blue ocean strategy. It is called value innovation since in place of focusing on cope with the competition, the firms try to make the competition irrelevant by creating and achieving value for buyers( customers) and the company, so looking up new market space which is uncontested. This value innovation focuses equal importance on value and innovation. The values without innovation try to focus on value creation on the incremental scale, something which improves value but is not enough to make you sustain in the marketplace. Innovation without value will be technology-driven, market pioneering, or futuristic, most of the times shooting beyond what buyers or customers are ready to accept and pay for. It is essential to have better understanding that shows distinction between value innovation as opposed to innovation in technology and market pioneering. It makes clear that what separates winners from the losers in cr eating blue oceans is neither bleeding edge technology nor market entry timing. It has been seen that sometimes it exists but most of the time it does not. The value innovation takes place only when the companies bring innovation with cost positions, utility and price. The value innovation is a new and different way of thinking about and executing the strategy that results into the creation of a blue ocean and a come away from the competition. It is generally believed that firms or companies can either create intensified value to customers at a comparatively higher cost or can create reasonable value at a lower cost. Here it can be said that strategy is seen as selecting a choice between differentiation and low cost. But those that want to create blue oceans follow differentiation and low cost simultaneously. Other strategies related to blue ocean strategy The creation of blue oceans is about bringing costs down while simultaneously taking value up for buyers. This shows that how a leap in value for both the company and its buyers is achieved. Since, buyer value is created from the utility and price that the companies offer to buyers and because the value to the company is created from price and its cost structure, value innovation can be achieved only when the whole system of the firm or companys price, utility and cost activities is properly and effectively matched. This represents the whole-system approach that makes the creation of blue oceans a sustainable and effective strategy. Blue ocean strategy includes the range of a companys functional and operational tasks or activities. On the other side innovations such as production innovations can be get at the subsystem level without affecting the firms overall strategy. The value innovation is not only innovation but it is more than innovation. It describes strategy that integrates t he entire or whole system of a firms activities and tasks. Conclusion Blue ocean strategy describes that it is all about to reconstruct boundaries of market to break away from the competition and create blue oceans. This highlights the search risk that many companies struggle with. The primary challenge is to successfully and effectively identify, out of the haystack of possibilities that exist, commercially compelling blue ocean opportunities.

Religion and Prayer Must Not be Permitted in Public School Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Early American colonists anticipated a country full of freedoms and opportunities. As the new government was beginning to develop, the Founders took into consideration the restrictions placed on them and their fellow immigrants in their former home lands. One difficulty the colonists encountered back in Europe was the inability to practice a desired religion or not to practice one at all. Since the newly formed country was made up of people from more than one religious background, the government had to come up with a way to accommodate all of its citizens. Understanding the country's diversity, the writers of the Constitution of the United States of America included in the First Amendment the words, "Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise therof . . ." (Alley, 24). The two parts of the religious freedom declaration became known as the Free Exercise Clause, which allows for religious expres sion, and the Establishment Clause, which protects citizens from state-imposed religion. To ensure that the government could not interfere with religious establishments, the American government mandated a more precise interpretation of the religious clauses, which commonly became known as secularism, or complete separation of the church and the government.    Secularism is the foundation underlying the issue of the role of prayer in the public school system. Due to the Establishment Clause, which protects Americans from state imposed religion; the role of prayer in the public schools is considered unco nstitutional. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor professed, "In my view, however, the principle underlying the Establishment Clause is that go... ...Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1994. Barker, Dan. "The Case Against School Prayer." Internet Infidels. Online. Internet. 21 October 2002. Available: http://www.infidels.org/org/ffrf/issues/pray.html Farmer, Rod. "The School Prayer Issue." Education 104 (1984): 248-49. Gaffney, Edward McGlynn. "A Church in Texas." Commonweal 124 (April 25, 1997): 9-10. O'Connor, Sandra. "Forward: the Establishment Clause and Endorsement of Religion." Journal of Law and Religion 8 (1990): 1-4. Sikorski, Robert. Prayer in Public Schools and the Constitution 1961-1992. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Thomas, Oliver. "Prayer and Speech." Finding Common Ground 12 (1996): 29 pars. Online. Internetr. 1 October 2002. Whitehead, John W. The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Education. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, 1994: 33,49-50.   

Natural Resources of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is largely ethnically homogeneous. Indeed, its name derives from the Bengali ethno-linguistic group, which comprises 98% of the population. Bengalis, who also predominate in the West Bengal province of India, are one of the most populous ethnic groups in the world. Variations in Bengali culture and language do exist of course. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. In 2009 the population was estimated at 156 million.Religiously, about 90% of Bangladeshis are Muslims and the remainders are mostly Hindus. Bangladesh became one of the large nation states in 1971when it seceded from Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was part of ancient, classical, medieval and colonial India. Since independence, the government has experienced periods of democratic and military rule. The founding leader of the country and its first president was S heikh Mujibur Rahman. His daughter Sheikh Hasina Wazed is currently the prime minister, as leader of the Awami League.Physical features of Bangladesh Location & size Bangladesh is situated in southern Asia, on the delta of the 2 largest rivers on the Indian subcontinent—the Ganges and Jamuna (Brahmaputra). It borders with India in the west, north, and east, with Burma (also known as Myanmar) in the southeast, and with the Bay of Bengal in the south. The country's area is 144,000 square kilometers (55,598 square miles), and it is divided into 6 administrative divisions (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Barisal, Rajshai and Sylhet) and 4 major municipal corporations (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi).Comparatively, the territory of Bangladesh is slightly greater than the state of New York. Bangladesh's capital city, Dhaka, is located in the central part of the country. Bangladesh occupies the eastern part of the Bengal region (the western part of the region is occupied by the I ndian state of West Bengal), which historically was part of the great civilizations in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent. Climate of Bangladesh Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon-type climate, with a hot and rainy summer and a dry winter.January is the coolest month with temperatures averaging near 26 deg C (78 d F) and April the warmest with temperatures from 33 to 36 deg C (91 to 96 deg F). The climate is one of the wettest in the world. Most places receive more than 1,525 mm of rain a year, and areas near the hills receive 5,080 mm ). Most rains occur during the monsoon (June-September) and little in winter (November-February). Bangladesh is subject to devastating cyclones, originating over the Bay of Bengal, in the periods of April to May and September to November. Often accompanied by surging waves, these storms can cause great damage and loss of life.The cyclone of November 1970, in which about 500,000 lives were lost in Bangladesh, was one of the worst natural disasters of the country in the 20th century. Bangladesh has warm temperatures throughout the year, with relatively little variation from month to month. January tends to be the coolest month and May the warmest. In Dhaka the average January temperature is about 19Â °C (about 66Â °F), and the average May temperature is about 29Â °C (about 84Â °F). Surface water inflow and river system of Bangladesh Surface Water made up of rivers, streams, lakes, beels and ponds.In other words, all waters on the surface of the earth including fresh and salt water, ice and snow. In Bangladesh, rainfall and trans-boundary river flows are the main sources of surface water. Bangladesh has an average annual surface flow of about 1,073 million acre feet (MAF), of which about 870 MAF (93%) are received from India as inflow and rest 203 MAF (7%) as rainfall. This water is enough to cover the entire country to a depth of 9. 14m. About 132 MAF (65% of rainfall and 12% of total) are lost in evaporation (114. 30 cm) and the rest flows to the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh has about 700 rivers ncluding tributaries and distributaries, which crisis-cross the landscape and creates about 98,000 ha of inland water bodies and more than 24,000 km streams or water channels. Of these, 54 rivers, including the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, originate from India and 3 originate from Myanmar. About 93% catchment areas of these 58 rivers are beyond Bangladesh, while only 7% is in Bangladesh. During the dry season when irrigation is necessary, these rivers either flow at their lowest levels or become dry in the Bangladesh portion, due to upstream barrages, built in the upper riparian region.The principal rivers of Bangladesh are the Padma, the Megna, The Jamuna, and the Brahamaputra. The Dhaleswari and the Karnafuli. Besides, there are many small rivers like the Buriganga, the Sitallakya, the Gumti, the Tista, the Atrai, the Kortoa, The Mohananda, the Madhumati and many others. They have tributaries as well. Improta nce and usefulness: The rivers are of great help to us. Our agriculture depends on the rivers. The rivers supply water and make the land fertile by depositing silt. Thus they help to produce paddy, jute, wheat and many other crop. The rivers also help our irrigation.Our rivers are a great source of wealth. The rivers abounded in fishes. Fish is an important food of our country. Many people earn their livelihood by catching fish in the rivers. Our rivers are important means for transport too. Boats, launches, steamers ply through them in all seasons. They carry passengers and goods from one place to another. These rivers also help our trade and commerce. Pattern of agriculture Bangladesh is primarily an agrarian economy. Agriculture is the single largest producing sector of economy since it comprises about 30% of the country's GDP and employing around 60% of the total labor force.The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on major macroeconomic objectives like employme nt generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security. Agricultural holdings in Bangladesh are generally small. Through Cooperatives the use of modern machinery is gradually gaining popularity. Rice, Jute, Sugarcane, Potato, Pulses, Wheat, Tea and Tobacco are the principal crops. The crop sub-sector dominates the agriculture sector contributing about 72% of total production. Fisheries, livestock and forestry sub-sectors are 10. 33%, 10. 11% and 7. 33% respectively. Bangladesh is the largest producer of Jute.Rice being the staple food, its production is of major importance. Rice production stood at 20. 3 million tons in 1996-97 fiscal year. Crop diversification program, credit, extension and research, and input distribution policies pursued by the government are yielding positive results. The country is now on the threshold of attaining self-sufficiency in food grain production. Types of forest Forestry is a sub-sector of agriculture in Bangladesh, which m akes a contribution to the national economy and is supposed to promote ecological stability. Although Bangladesh is amazingly green, it is a forest-poor country.Most of its public forestlands are located in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, greater Khulna district, greater Sylhet district, Dhaka, Mymensingh and Tangail districts. Half of Bangladesh does not have public forests at all. Homestead forests seen around almost all households are important for the rural communities. They meet a significant portion of fuel wood need and house construction materials, among other things. Although it is estimated that Bangladesh has approximately 6% of its land covered with public forests, actually very little of natural forests is left today except for those in the Sundarbans in Khulna.The plantations are not to be considered as forests. The three main types of public forests are: (i) Tropical evergreen or semi-evergreen forest in the eastern districts of Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Sylhet, and the Ch ittagong Hill Tracts region; (ii) moist or dry deciduous forests also known as sal (Shorea robusta) forests located mainly in the central plains and the freshwater areas in the northwest region; and (iii) Tidal mangrove forests along the coast – the Sundarbans in the southwest of the Khulna and other mangrove patches in the Chittagong, Cox's Bazar and Noakhali coastal belt. Mineral resources Although Bangladesh is a small country, it has a number of mineral resources such as natural gas, oil, coal, hard rock, limestone, white clay, glass sand and mineral sand. At present, natural gas is the only mineral commodity significantly contributing to the national economy. More than 90% of the country’s energy needs are met by gas, total reserves of which are 21. 35 trillion cubic feet (TCF) and 12. 43 TCF, respectively.Huge reserves of hard rock (granodiorite, quartzdiorite, gneiss) and coal in northwest Bangladesh will help, in the near future, to meet the growing demand for construction materials and energy for the ever-growing population. Total coal reserves are 1753 million tons (MT), the market value of which is more than US$110 billion. Hard rock reserves are 115 million tons, valued at over US$3 billion. Fully fledged extraction of these resources would help to alleviate the country’s poverty through industrialization.It is expected that coal will soon be extracted on a commercial basis, of which 70 to 80% will be used in power generation. The mineral resources so far found in Bangladesh are meagre in comparison to its high population. To meet the growing demand of the population, more mineral resources need to be discovered and developed, otherwise sustainable development cannot be achieved. However, it is difficult for developing countries like Bangladesh to carry out the necessary activities for exploration and exploitation of hidden mineral resources without foreign assistance. This is a major drawback for Bangladesh.To progress towards an endurable sustainable society, a nation such as Bangladesh must give priority to the development of its existing mineral resources, which can play a major role in helping to reshape the country’s socio-economic infrastructure. Industrial set up In 1972, the year after its establishment, Bangladesh nationalized most of its industries and set up nine corporate conglomerates to oversee the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The lack of commercial orientation inhibited investment and growth, including in the traditional jute industry, and the emerging leader, the garment industry.From the mid-1980s, the government shifted to encouraging private investment, but the industrial sector remained closely regulated. In 1991, in the post-Cold War international environment, and with the end of military rule, the government inaugurated a new Industrial Policy planning investment liberalization, the interim restructuring of several large parastatals, as well as the gradual privatization of public enterprises in all but the airways, railways, and mining sectors.Political resistance to privatization was very strong, and in the early 1990s restructuring resulted in some output decline. With a new government, in the period 1996–2001, 33 SOEs were sold by the state, but the Economist Intelligence Unit reported that these were smaller operations, and that the divestments did not significantly lessen the government's dominance of the industrial sector. Recent discoveries of large natural gas reserves and plans for new power plants throughout the country were slated to boost industrial growth in 2000 and beyond.However, as of late 2002, plans for the development of natural gas resources continue to be delayed by political rows over the participation of foreign companies. Density and distribution of population In 2010, Bangladesh was estimated to be one of the ten most highly populated countries with an estimated population of just fewer than 160 million. This makes th e population density of about 875 people per sq km (2,267 people per sq mi) higher than other countries.Most of the population is young with about 60 percent under the age of 25, with only about 3 percent over the age of 65 (life expectancy is 61 years). Twenty percent of the population was deemed to be urban in 1998, making population of Bangladesh predominantly rural. Bengalis make up the majority of population of Bangladesh. They are descendants from immigrant Indo-Aryans who came from the west and intermarried with various Bengal groups.The minority in Bangladesh is comprised of several groups, the Chakma and Mogh (Mongoloid people who live in the Chittagong Hill Tracts District), the Santal (migrants from India) and the Biharis (Muslims who came from India). Conclusion Though Bangladesh is a small country but it has great prospects. It can use its vast population as human resources. It is a beautiful country. It can make an effective use of it to attract tourists. To overcome o bstacles to gain success in all sectors all people and govt. should be cooperative. Corruption, political resentment, indiscipline, dishonesty should be reduced by applying laws.

Research Essay

â€Å"Reading is neither neutral, nor natural. † How does your context as a reader influence your reading of The Dreamers? Reading is neither neutral, nor natural. Readers are constantly positioned to make their own ideas and opinions of different texts based on their own understand and connecting of their personal context. In Jack Davis’ The Dreamers the descriptions of the tribal family in the first scene provide a strong, central reading that while I would accept, the earlier generations from those times would challenge the mutual reading of the harmonious tribal family.The different generations of past and present times would also have many contrasting views on particular characters such as Worru. Additionally, the study of past texts, such as The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and Coonardoo by Katherine Suzanne Prichard, allows me to comprehend the meaning behind the symbol of alcohol in The Dreamers and how it is a representation of escapism for people in d egrading ways of society.In the beginning of The Dreamers by Jack Davis, we are described a scene of a tribal family walking, relaxed, across an escarpment with children happily singing songs of cultural meaning, relaying their innocence and happy family-based futures: â€Å"Dawn. We hear the distant echoing of children singing a tribal song. A tribal family walks slowly across the escarpment silhouetted against the first light of dawn. The central, prominent reading brought forward by Davis’ descriptions and symbolism of the melodious, peaceful tribal family is one I accept because of Davis’ way of showing the harmonious nature of the aboriginal culture and way in their environment, in the world they know. However, the white generations of the 1980s would contrast and challenge this communal reading because of their own racial attitudes and beliefs of Aboriginals.To the whites of the 1980s, Aboriginals were filthy and worthless individuals and therefore the white soc iety audiences were unable to cope with and respect the cultural identity and way of life of Aboriginals. These confrontational views of The Dreamers show how reading is not neutral. Every generation is different, therefore they all respond to particular readings inversely due to their own personal context. This reinforces that reading is not neutral.Worru is a character in The Dreamers who is exceedingly diverse from the members of his family. Worru is the representation of Davis’ views of his own complicated culture and aboriginal context. Worru is desperately trying to hold onto his Nyoongah (aboriginal) culture that within him has ‘survived civilisation’ through reminiscing about life before white settlement and his language: â€Å"I walked down the track to where the camp place used to be and voices, laughing, singing, came surging back to me. In Act One Scene One, Worru sings of his past, something that is all but real now that he is going through a lost a s a result of living in a suburbia-dominated world. Through the study of Coonardoo by Katherine Suzanne Prichard, I am able to see that the aboriginal generational views would be ones of sympathy and empathetic understanding, as aboriginals would be able to relate heavily with Worru, knowing just how much they lost because of the dramatic change in the way they wanted to live.On the contrary, a white audience of the same era wouldn’t be able to understand how aboriginals couldn’t adapt to such a â€Å"easy† lifestyle, and be unable to connect to the Aboriginal background and estrangement of their race. Readers who have read more texts than most are able to see and understand how changed contexts but parallel themes are cooperative in identifying symbols. Through my reading The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and The Dreamers has allowed me to understand the symbol of alcohol and its meaning of escapism in both plays respectively.Tom Wingfield from The Glas s Menagerie drinks constantly, trying to escape the horrors of the Great Depression in America. He drinks to forget his issues and withdraw from a pitiful reality. This reading allows me to understand the reasoning behind why, in The Dreamers, Worru, Peter, Eli and Roy all drink constantly – using money needed for food and other essentials: â€Å"The full bottle is now nearly empty. The heat and the alcohol are taking their toll. † The characters drink alcohol to also escape from the cultural oppression of white society and the failing ways of aboriginal life.They see alcohol as the only way to forget what has been done to them, as it is an influential depressant, and using it to disengage from a reality that would see the complete deprivation of the aboriginal way – a way they cherish. An informed reading is not something that just comes naturally, it must be taught and learnt over the reading of numerous texts, therefore reading is not natural. In Conclusion, readings are mostly advanced through a readers own individual context and experiences.My interpretations on a tribal aboriginal family were analogized by the white generations of the 1980s view on aboriginals, establishing that reading is not neutral. The diverse generational views formed unlike perspectives on who would sympathise with the hostility of the aboriginal race, my own background through the study of the other texts Coonardoo, The Dreamers and The Glass Menagerie has given me a purer understanding of how alcohol embodies escapism for people in contemporary society. All these factors have established my view that reading is neither neutral, nor natural.